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NESUG 1994 Papers - Index

119 papers. Source: NESUG (Northeast SAS Users Group) conference proceedings.

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1 %SUBSTR and Other Useful Macro Functions Paula B. Podolnick macro variable, macro function, macro put, macro facility, macro quoting function, %if-%then-%else, put statement, substr function, &variable, macro call, macro loop, missing value, index, upcase function, error message, if-then-else, proc step, sample, macro definition 9
2 A Birdseye View of the Market: A Method of Organizing, Combining and Dissecting Your Data for Market Analysis C. Olivia Parr Rud Direct marketing has moved from a product driven, mass market approach to a market driven, custom product loss ratio, if-then-else, sample, proc step 7
3 A Development Environment for Applications Based on SAS Software SAS Institute (a company) Data structures, design methodologies, and programming tools are the foundation components of an application development environment. This paper describes these components using a SAS software perspective. Specifically, the paper covers design methodologies, management of application components, preparation and maintenance of parallel test and production environments, and reusable code Hblarles. A sample SAS application that uses the described techniques concludes the paper libname statement, catalog, sample, stored macro, dataset 4
4 A Font Control Macro for HP Laserjet III Printer Frederick E. Pratter proc step, proc freq 2
5 A Month in the Life of SAS Institute's New York Regional Office Lisa Horwitz 3
6 A Poor Man's SAS/ASSIST Software Tracy L. Lord This paper describes a method of documentation used by IBM in SAS educational classes to help students learn SAS programming techniques. While this system of documentation does not replace all the features of SAS/ASSIST or on-line help, it does provide a wealth of information for the novice and professional programmer sas programming, sas syntax 2
7 A Program that Analyzes Multiple-Choice Test Results Using Output from SAS's Item Macro Marvin S. Margolis In its macro library, 8AS provides an item macro that computes statistics for the aiIalysis of multiple-choice test data. In other words, the macro can help grade a test. In the paper, I present a 8AS program that demonstrates how I apply the macro's output as input data to automate test grading tasks. The program provides statistical analysis beyond that of the item macro. It simplifies test grading work while expanding the information a test provides to students and professor. It provides the test takers with individual printed reports, that is, their score., the test average grade, and their individual test item results. After examining the SAS program and item macro statistics, the test giver can adjust (curve) test scores accordingly point-biserial correlation, correlation, dataset, sample, proc freq 10
8 A SAS Macro for Exact Power of Chi-Square Tests of Equality of Two Proportions Carl E. Pierchala sample, chi-square test, binomial distribution, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, temporary array, sample size, drop statement, keep statement, data step, macro definition 10
9 A SAS Macro Incorporating Discriminant Analystis Techniques Sivaram Kalyandrug,
Antonis D. Koutsoukos,
Lawrence V. Rubinstein		 This paper describes a SAS macro that incorporates principal component analysis, a SCORE procedure and discriminant analysis. Using the macro, parametric and non-parametric discriminant analysis procedures are compared for varying number of principal components and for both Mahalanobis and Euclidean distance measures. The emphasis of the paper, and the need for the macro, is to overcome what SAS PROCEDURE DISCRIM does not do while estimating the variance covariance matrix used in cross-validation. In the non parametric case, the SAS procedure includes the observation to be classified - along with other observations which provide information for such a classification - in the calculation of the variance-covariance matrix. This gives misleading classifications and is seen to affect the overall proc princomp, test set, covariance, numeric variable, data cleaning, discriminant analysis, posterior probability, dataset, proc step, proc freq, correlation, proc score, proc discrim, macro definition 9
10 A Tutorial on the SAS Macro Language John J. Cohen The SAS Macro language is another language that rests on top of regular SAS code. !fused properly, it can make programming easier and more fun. However, not every program is improved by using macros. Furthermore, it is another language syntax to learn, and can create problems in debugging programs that are even more entertaining than those offered by regular SAS. We will discuss using macros as code generators, saving repetitive and tedious effort, for passing parameters through a program to avoid hard coding values, and to pass code fragments, thereby making certain tasks easier than using regular SAS alone. Macros facilitate conditional execution and can be used to create program modules that can be standardized and re-used throughout your organization. Finally, macros can help us create interactive systems in the absence of SAS! AF. When we are done, you will know the difference between a macro, a macro variable, and a macro statement macro variable, macro facility, macro definition, call symput, macro loop, macro function, proc step, proc print, sample, %if-%then-%else 6
11 Adding BY Group Processing to a SAS/IML Subroutine Library Adeline J. Wilcox proc step, by group processing 2
12 An Introduction to SAS-L and Other Internet Resources for the SAS User David G. Carroll What is SAS-L? How do 'lists' operate? Anyone can share in the collective SAS knowledge of users from around the world. Subscribing and posting to SAS-L and searching the SAS-L archives are described. The various forms of electronic communication with the SAS Institute are explained. The paper concludes with a sampling of ways to explore the Internet. What is SAS-L? SAS-L is, first of all, a BITNET list. Of course that answer only generates two inore questions, what is BITNET and what is a 'list'? BIlNET (Because It's Time Network) is a part of the collection of computer networks known as "the Net" which are generally (and inaccurately) all thought of as the Internet. The Net is literally a global link of computer users. What is a "list"? It's an electronic mailing list that is automated to one degree or another with computer software. Also called 'listservs' or 'listservers', they are each devoted to a particular topic ftp, sas consultant 8
13 An Introduction to Structured Query Language and the SQL Procedure for the SAS System Joe Cholewczynski proc sql, proc step, select, group by, where statement, order by 4
14 An Introduction to the SAS System for Windows and OS/2 Release 6.10 Mark W. Cates,
Carol Williams Rigsbee		 This paper describes Graphical User Inter face (GUI) enhancements to the SAS Sys tem in Release 6.10 for Microsoft Windows and OSl2. The goal of this paper is to dis cuss the major enhancements including a description of the improved GUI, increased application integration capabilities, and the CD-ROM installation process. Some of the improved GUI capabilities include a confagurable tool bar, a more robust and native help system, more GUI configuration options, printing improvements and elec tronic mail (e-mail) support. Application in tegration enhancements include support for Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Open Data Base Connectivity (OOBC). Also presented is an interface for calling external Dynamic Unk Libraries (OLL's) and the ability to import and export graphics to and from commQn PC data file formats; 9
15 Assignin a I/O Value to a Variable through Comparisons Charles A. DePascale numeric variable, quality control 1
16 Avoiding, Accepting and Taking Advantage of Missing Data Warren Repole Jr. missing value, macro variable, proc step, character variable, input statement, where statement, call symput, sas log, symbol table, proc freq, sum, numeric variable, proc tabulate, character functions, response variable, macro function, retain, options statement, macro quoting function, %if-%then-%else, if-then-else 10
17 Best Initial Values for Nonlinear Estimation: Stripping Algorithm Implemented as SAS/IML Routine Ekaterina Gibiansky regression analysis, proc step, proc nlin 5
18 Blind Dates and Other Lapses of Reason; Handling Dates in SAS Alan Dickson proc print, datepart, proc step 7
19 Building an Interactive Database and Retrieval System with SAS/AF V6.08 and PROC SQL Philip E. Friend proc step, proc sql, proc tabulate, calendar year, dataset, macro variable 11
20 CALL EXECUTE versus CALL SYMPUT H. Ian Whitlock call execute, call symput, macro variable 2
21 Command Line Programs to Convert SAS Dates Bruce Ellis Despite the advances of the SAS~ System over the years, many SAS programmers continue to struggle with a frustrating dilemma: how to deal with SAS dates one bas forgotten to format. This presents two C programs, one to convert SAS dates to their MMDDYY equivalent and a second to calculate a SAS date from month, day and year. The programs are executed from the DOS command line and can be run from the DOS window of most communications programs. They can be compiled using several popular C Compilers. Two BASIC programs are also included for those witbout access to a compiler sysdate9, if-then-else 6
22 Comparison of Feature-Based and Raw Gray-Level Intensity as Pattern-Recognition Discriminators in Image-Processing John S. DaPonte,
Joseph N. Vitale		 proc step, discriminant analysis, proc discrim, sample, normality test 8
23 Computer-Aided Software Engineering and SAS in Clinical Trials Reporting W. Stetson Line This paper describes a system that was developed specifically for clinical trials reporting and which incorporates some CASE tecbnologies. Using this system one can model data and create prototypes of reports in a computer-aided design mode. The scripts that define these prototypes can then be processed by a . code generator to produce modular SAS programs. These code modules can be modified by using an 'update' procedure. The benefits and limitations of this system will by discussed as the reader is stepped through the process from prototype definition to final SAS program listings clinical research, clinical trial 6
24 Controlling Page Breaks When Using PROC REPORT Cynthia A. Stetz proc step, proc report, sample 2
25 Data Selection Techniques in SAS/AF: Making Users' Lives Easier Scott Rompala Recently, the trend in software development seems to be inducing the user to rely less and less upon documentation to determine what values belong in the fields of an application. Instead, when running an application, a user is often asked to make choices, either in data entry or selecting parameters for obtaining specific output. On the data entry side, the kind programmer will add functionality to an application so that the user will not be allowed to make errors which might be costly to fix later. On the output side, the programmer will aid a user in choosing value(s) so that he/she does not have to remember the correct value(s) to cause the results that he/she wishes. Fortunately, SAS/AF presents a programmer with the concept of the selection list, which remedies both of these problems catalog entry, character variable 8
26 DATA Step Efficiency and Performance Jeffrey A. Polzin missing value, where statement, dataset, do loop, proc step, proc means, if-then-else, length statement, subsetting if 7
27 DATA Step Reporting Marge Scerbo put statement, file statement, proc step, set statement, by group processing, options statement 7
28 Data Step Techniques: Reading, Writing, and Redacting August V. Treff SAS programmers use the DATA STEP to read information into SAS data sets, to write reports, and to redact or massage data into a usable form. This paper will examine some novel DATA STEP techniques which facilitate these applications. We will explore ways in which data may be read from unconventional sources. Exported spreadsheet and print files may be accessed using a DATA STEP. Information which was unusable because of poor format becomes available to the programmer. Customized reports can be produced using a DATA STEP. The flexibility of this kind of writing allows for. production of colUmnar and form reporting. In many applications, a data element needs modification before it can be of use to the SAS programmer. DATA STEP techniques for massaging data elements will be explored data step, proc step, input statement, put statement, txt, do loop, sas programmer, dataset, sas log, sysdate9, macro variable, missing value, proc print, proc means, date variable 10
29 Desktop Publishing with SAS and WordPerfect Christopher Toppe Let's face it: any report produced in the fIxed space Courier font looks amateurish. And we all know that SAS output loves Courier and hates Times Roman or any other proportional, desktop publishing font. But that doesn't mean that you have to be the only one in your office who produces ugly reports. It is possible to create WordPerfect documents within SAS -- to imbed WordPerfect control codes for attributes like centering, bolding, underlining, and especially tabs. This allows you to go directly from SAS to WordPerfect, Vl-ith all the desktop publishing capabilities of WordPerfect available for that SAS created document. The Secrets Creating a WordPerfect document from SAS is really straight forward once you know the secrets. They are listed below. * Start with a blank WordPerfect document A blank WordPerfect document is not empty. It contains all sorts of useful information in the header portion of the file proc step, proc printto, sas output 7
30 Developing Applications for End-Users with SAS/AF FRAME Entries Vincent L. Timbers Frame entries in SAS/AF use graphic display devices that enable the developer to easily build interfaces which pennit users to point and click their way through applications. The functionality of frame entries assists end-users who have limited computer experience to perfonn activities such as data entry, data processing, and data analysis/reporting. This paper briefly explains frame entries and describes a data analysis and reporting application called the Consumer Services Information System Menu (CSIS Menu) that was developed with frame entries. The remainder orthe paper demonstrates the basic steps used in building the CSIS Menu with a sample application' sample, sas output 10
31 Development of an Adaptive Model for Forecasting of Nonstationary Processes Edward Aronov A model for the prediction of nonstatiollllIY processes with nonlinear links between variables has been developed. Standard SAS· procedures and new original programs are used for the effective process of prediction of the real data for some important applications. The process decomposed for typical structural components, like trend, hidden periodicals, exponents and parameters are estimated by multi- step procedure of iterations with a consequent refinement. The model is evaluated for the example of a short term and a long- term prediction of the energy consumption regression analysis, time series analysis, correlation 9
32 Development of Interactive Systems Using SAS/AF, SAS/FSP, and SCL: Tips and Techniques for the Beginning Developer James K. Schwar It is posstble to develop interactive systems which encompass data entry, browsing, and custom report generation by using SASIAF, SASIFSP, and seL. Using an actual, recently developed application as an example, this paper will outline the structure of a comprehensive SAS/AF application, and will convey over a dozen specific tips and tecI:miques which can be utilized by the beginning application developer. Tips and techniques will include the use of seL to perform data validation, the use of extended tables as a selection list or as a browsing tool, and ways of passing infonnation between components of the application. This paper is reconnnended for intermediate level SAS users who are fairly new to SASlAF, SASlFSP, and SCL data cleaning, sas output, proc step 7
33 Dictonary Structure for SAS/PH-Clinical 2.0 Software and SAS/PH-Kinetics Software Martin F. Michael pharmaceutical industry 7
34 Distributed Processing: Using Remote Library Services to Bring Storage to the Workstation Daryl R. Hoffman proc sql, distributed processing 4
35 Editing Output in the Program Editor Bob Virgile title statement, options statement 1
36 Effective Poster Presentations for SAS User Group Conferences: Recommendations and Techniques Helen-Jean Talbott Poster sessions at SAS@ User Group Conferences provide an excellent opportunity to present information such as detailed code and output in a display format, yet they can challenge those who may be uncertain about poster preparation. The ascii, txt 9
37 Examples of Data Listings and Clinical Summary Tables Using PROC REPORT's Batch Language Rob Hoffman PROC REPORT Is a powerful report writing tool which can easily create simple tables and data listings. The more experienced user can develop more sophisticated summary tables by grouping data by one or more variables, specifying statistics in your table, computing a new variable for your table and customizing report headers. This paper will illustrate some of the features of PROC REPORT at an introductory level, as well as, demonstrate some techniques to generate more complicated summary tables proc report, proc step, class variable 5
38 Exploratory Data Analysi When You Don't Have SAS/INSIGHT Michael A. Walega proc step, proc reg, outlier, box plot, histogram, regression analysis, correlation, proc corr, central tendency, proc gplot, frequency analysis, scatter plot, sample, proc freq, data science 10
39 Explore Common Data Processing Problems with the SQL Procedure Kirk Paul Lafler If you ever needed to display two or more observations from a SAS System data set in a custom full screen display (without using the SASIFSP product), then dynamic extended tables may be for you. Even if you have not, you will certainly be amazed at the wealth of practical applications this technique has to offer. You will see how to design, define, and use single- and multi-line logical row dynamic extended tables that will be sure to be noticed. So get ready to explore the wonders found in dynamic extended tables options statement, length statement 7
40 Full-Screen Data Entry and Editing Using SAS/FSP Software Linda P. Atkinson SASIFSpat software enables you to browse, enter, and edit data in an interactive, full-screen mode. This tutorial introduces new users to these capabilities. Covered are the basics of working with SASIFSP procedures, and building a customized survey data entry screen system as an example. Also included is how to browse files external to the SASe System and to browse SAS data views created with the SQL procedure proc step, dataset, proc sql, data cleaning, numeric variable 10
41 Fuzzy Joins Using SQL Jack N. Shoemaker The MERGE data-step statement provides a convenient method to join the information in two or more tables provided the tables share a common set of key values and no more dum one of the tables contains duplicate key values. When Ibis is not the case, alternate strategies are required. This paper provides SQL-based solutions for many-to-many merges and merges where the key values are close, or related, but not exact as the MERGE statement would have. These needs often arise when the tables contain time-stamped data requiring the link of a single value to a range of values - a special case of a many-to-many merge often known as a point-to range merge; or, when key values are not exactly the same because the underlying recording devices are not synchronized - an example of close-but-not-quite-exact merging proc sql, where statement, select, proc step, insurance claims, data step, merge statement, create view, user-defined format, dataset, observation, missing value, sample 10
42 Generating SAS Hard Copy Output Under the VMS VAX Environment Edmond Williams,
Shi-Tao Yeh		 SAS output, the result of executing SAS programs, is in the form of text output or graphs. Routing the SAS output to different devices in the network and VMS VAX envirorunent is not a easy task. This paper discusses how to redirect SAS procedure output to the printer and plotter in the VMS network environment. Several methods are examined: o Routing output to the printer from the OUTPUT Window, o Sending output to the printer directly from a batch SAS job, o Sending graphic output to the printer or plotter. This paper provides sample SAS code for each sas output, proc step 7
43 Getting Intimate with Extended Tables Karen Crandall do loop, automatic variable 10
44 Getting into SAS/FSP: A Comparison of FSEDIT and FSVIEW Ralph W. Leighton proc step, variable, dataset, insurance 12
45 Getting Started with SAS/GIS Software Mark Brown In data visualization applications, users have found new ways of contributing to their companies' information delivery solutions by being able to view and analyze enormous amounts of data quickly and more comprehensively. SASlGIS- SOftware adds the ability to analyze, diSplay and interact with spatial and attribute data and is a key tool for the new paradigm of Visuallnlormation Delivery. Issues involved In developing SASIGIS Software applications include spatial data importing, customizing maps, creating actions, selecting features and performing actions. This paper will describe and examine how to build a SAS/GIS SOftware application and discuss some of the issues involved data visualization 7
46 Give Your MVS Users Equal Access Scott G. Maurer The SASe system provides many tools for users to access their data once the physical data set is defmed via the LffiNAME Statement. The LIBNAME and FNAME windows Wlder DMS provide users access to "allocated" data sets. To allocate a new libreforfileref MVS users often find themselves exiting SAS to use utilities such as ISPFIPDF just to locate the name of the data set. The SAS system under GUI platfonns such as OS/2 provides tools for the user to scan devices and subdirectories for the desired file name. This paper describes a tool that facilitates MVS catalog searches in a SAS full-screen environment. This tooI. cnlled MVSCT, uses SAS/CEO to interface with MVS routines. SASlToolki~ is used to provide a SAS callable function capability and SASIApe to provide the user interface if-then-else, catalog entry 8
47 Graphical Presentation of Survey Data Gunapala Edirisooriya,
Lawrence F. Howe		 More often than not, the survey data summaries in research reports and journal articles are rather sketchy. Undoubtedly, one reason for the lack of sufficient information on survey data summaries is the tendency on the part of researchers to generate sucb information through a laborious word processing endeavor. In this computer age, we should be able to present survey data summaries and relevant information through an automated process. We propose here a methodology to accomplish this task which involves a number of steps: 1) derive the data summaries; 2) design the page layout; and 3) create the appropriate data structure dataset, proc step 6
48 Graphical Techniques for Evaluating "Nonnormal" Data Melissa A. Durfee Using simple graphical techniques such as the box and whisker plot, probability-probability plot and probability plot, data that cannot be described by a normal distribution may be analyzed and modeled by detemiining the most appropriate distribution. In addition, initial constraints imposed on the data may be checked for appropriateness. The validity of the modeled distribution may be con firmed through a statistical test such as the chi-square goodness-or-fit. Therefore, even when the data is not normally distributed, the resulting statistical distribution may be utilized to monitor the quality or a production process weibull distribution, proc univariate, probability distribution, histogram 9
49 Hidden Passageways in SAS/GRAPH Software Earl R. Westerlund proc step, macro variable, proc gplot, macro loop, macro definition 6
50 How MERGE Really Works Bob Virgile dataset, merge statement, out= 8
51 How to Survive PROC LIFETEST Peter P. Gaccione wilcoxon test, covariance, sample, rank test, proc step, forward selection, proc phreg, likelihood function, survival function, binary variable 10
52 If We Can't Trust SAS Who Can We Trust? -or- Just How Accurate is Your Computer? John J. Cohen For many ofus, computers have become an indispensable tool for getting our work done. As we increasingly rely on "off-the-shelf" software, testing for computational accnracy is left to software developers. Our favorite software developer, SAS Institute, Inc., gained. mucll of its early popularity in part due to a reputation for accnracy and careful software testing, especially in its statistical procedures. Thus, just as our users assume that if came from a computer, it must be right, we accept that if it came from a SAS program, it also must be right. Could our trust in SAS be misplaced, or rather, are there limits to computer accuracy about which we should be aware? If our programs might be wrong, can we design them to minimize the impact? Using simple tests, we will demonstrate that there are potential inaccuracies within SAS programs across operating systems and even within the same operating system logistic distribution, decimal 10
53 Information Visualization: The FRAME Experience Daniel Morris dataset, vertical bar chart 10
54 Intelligent Tools for Querying and Reporting from DB2 Beverly Wells The S~ System Is continually expanding to offer additional functionality for users. Recent product development has focused on our customars who need to easily access and query DB2 data. The SAS System provides a variety of methods that dow you to access and query your DB2 data, ranging from SOL (Structured Query Language) editors to GUI-based query tools to natural language toots-you choose the tool that's right for your users. In this paper, we'll focus on two DB2 specific query tooIs-the SOL Query Window and Query and Reporting from DB2 (Q&R). We'U also briefly describe a third query tOOl, SASIENGUSH. software, that can be used to query DB2 data through the use of SAS views. lhe Intent of this paper Is to Introduce these query tools-the InfonnaUon Is not comprehenSive of all features. The advantages you win gain from using the Institute's query tools are four-fold: CJ direct proc sql, proc report, view, dataset, select 4
55 Introducting SAS/PH-Clinical 2.0 Software Sandra D. Schlotzhauer,
Andrew T. Fagan,
Martin F. Michael		 pharmaceutical industry 13
56 Introduction to SAS/ACCESS Software Dana Rafiee relational database, proc step, dataset, proc sql 2
57 Introduction to SCL Lists Roger Staum The SCL list is a flexible and powerful data structure which first appeared in version 6.07 of the SAS system. This paper will help you: understand what SCL lists are, and how they differ from other data structures decide whether a particular application is a good candidate for an SCL list learn SCL list terminology classify SCL lists and items by access. type, and attributes manipulate SCL lists using special functions and routines plan for future enhancements to SCL list technology 10
58 Macros for Creating Delimited Files Clinton S. Rickards This paper will describe the macros created by the Infonnation Services and Support unit of the Individual Life SBU to help in the creation of delimited flat files. We will briefly explain delimited files, then look at some straight SAS code to generate the files, and then the macros we developed flat file, put statement, %if-%then-%else 2
59 Macros for Working with Nonstationary Time Series Ashok Mehta time series analysis, first difference 9
60 Macros Simply Stated James C. Stokes Although the term MACRO does sound a bit forbidding, it's bark is certainly worse than it's bite. Using MACROS eliminates the need for repetitious coding and generally makes maintaining code much easier. This paper will describe what a MACRO is, how to identify when using a MACRO would be advantageous, how to define a MACRO, how to call a MACRO, and define and describe MACRO variables both SAS-defined and user defined. MACRO Defined A SAS Macro is a collection of SAS statements stored either temporarily or permanently under a MACRO name that can be repeatedly invoked during the execution of a SAS program. When MACROs Should Be Used Anytime you find yourself coding virtually the same syntax with minor variations in the same program, chances are that the code could be reduced greatly by defining it as a MACRO. In addition, by reducing the amount of code, maintaining the program is simplified. Consider the following example: . Example A macro variable, macro definition, macro call, proc step 3
61 Mailing Large PC SAS Files via Internet Samuel D. Calhoun The use of large PC SASe files has been increasing at the Economic Research Service. Until recently the SAS trade data had to be broken down into smaller files for analysis. Due to changes in the trade agreements the need to do more bilateral trade research increased. This demand created larger PC SAS files. This made it more difficult to transport large SAS files from PC to PC or Mini to Mini. The INTERNE~ communication environment . has eased the large PC SAS data transportability problems on our VM/MVS Mini computer. Since INTERNET is a form of electronic mailer, it can communicate directly to other users on the system and other MVS systems such a Universities and other government Agencies 3
62 Maintenance Free Code Using the CONTENTS Procedure Denis Michel,
Elaine Michel		 macro variable, proc contents, proc step, call symput, libname statement, missing value, macro definition, date variable, %if-%then-%else 5
63 Managing Clincial Lab Data with SAS/aF - an Outline Demonstration Eric C. Brinsfield,
Brad Klenz		 laboratory data, clinical research, data governance 4
64 Managing Large Data Files Using UNIX Compression Scripts Stephen M. Libster txt, dataset, sample, ascii 6
65 Mapping with SAS/GRAPH: Physican Network Access Daniel B. Libby Physician network accessibility is a growing issue in the health insurance industry. Both existing and prospective employer groups are looking for a geographical depiction to show how accessible each component of a physician network is to their employees. To perform this type of geographic analysis, Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Hampshire (BCBSNH) is using the SAS System~ with SAS/GRAPH-, along with 5-Digit ZIP Code Boundary Map SAS Ubraries from Geographic Data Technology, Inc., to respond quickly, easily, and effectively at a minimal cost macro variable, proc step, macro parameter 9
66 Migrating to SAS 6.08 for Windows: The Merck CANDA Experience Frank S. Palmieri,
Rob Rosen,
Wanda Bidlack		 data science, dataset, proc sort, proc step 7
67 Model-Independent Pharmacokinetics Using SAS/PH-Kinetics Software Martin F. Michael pharmaceutical industry 2
68 Multivariate Data Presentation via PROC CHART Gunapala Edirisooriya PROC CHART or PROC PLOT procedures in SAS cannot be utilized easily to present data in graphical form when the BY group variables contain non-uniform ranges among the BY variable membership categories; this will create discontinuities along the domain-scale. In this case, we can still utilize PROC CHART or PROC PLOT if we can create an appropriate data structure in order to generate the required graphics by exploiting the SUMV AR option. By using an example, this paper explains how to accomplish this task proc step, bds 5
69 MVS Data Set Allocation - What Can Be Done From Within SAS Walter H. Hufford Jr. A Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) tkJta set mlUt be allocated before it can be used during a SAS session. The MVS operating system provides two comnwnd limguages. Job Control Language (JCL) and Time Sharing Option (TSO). which can be used to allocate data sets. JCL allocates data sets during batch mode processing. while TSO allocates data sets during interactive· processing. The SAS system also provides tools capable of allocating data sets within the MVS environment. In fact. the SAS tools UBNAME and FILENAME are better suited than their JCL and TSO counterparts to allocate data sets that wiU be used during a SAS session. This article provides e:aunples of allocating new and existing data sets in the MVS environment, and shows how allocating a data set using a SAS tool is more efficient than allocating using either a JCL statement or a TSO command dataset, filename statement, macro definition 4
70 New Tricks for an Old Tool: Using Custom Formats for Data Validation and Program Efficiency S. David Riba PROC FORMAT is one of the old standards among SAse Procedures, yet many programmers often fail to understand how custom formats can be used to improve their SAS programs. This paper will examine some ways user defined custom formats can be used for data validation, for developing more flexible SAS program code, and for other programming efficiency techniques. It will Illustrate how the SAS programmer can avoid hard-coding conditiOnal logic chains in a program, how data can be grouped for analysis, how the appearance of report output can be enhanced, and how SAS data can be reoocIed for more efficient storage. The paper will also review recent enhancements to PROC·FORMAT such as Control data sets, format reports, and the ability to define and use format libraries proc format, proc step, user-defined format, dataset, if-then-else, input statement, data cleaning, sas programmer, character variable, missing value, where statement, sysdate9, format statement 8
71 Oject-Oriented Programming with the SAS/AF FRAME Entry: CANDA Experiences Barry R. Cohen The FRAME entry ellllbles a sophisticated graphic user interface in applications by providing graphic screeu objects that are manipulated using object oriented programming techniques. The GUI is briefly defined, including explaDation for why it provides a superior interactive enviromnent. The basic concepts of OOP are then presented, including a concrete OOP example. Explanation is given for why OOP is so effective for programming interactive applications with a GUI. The SAS! AF FRAME entry is then introduced, with comments about its use in CANDA system development. More broadly. this paper is about the value of SAS! AF with the FRAME entry to development of interactive applications in geneIll1. It is an outgrowth of my experience using the SAS! AF FRAME entry for CANDA development in the SAS for Windows environment sample, sas base, pharmaceutical industry, data science 9
72 Preliminary Data Management and Report Generation Using the SAS System on the PC Carmen F. Gillern,
William C. Murphy,
Ronald J. Billings		 Preliminary data management is often as important as the final analysis of the study information. At . Eastman Dental Center, most of the complex statistical data analysis in large epidemiologic studies is performed by the biostatistician, but often the principal investigator may require interim ad hoc reports. These can be readily prepared using the SAS system. Initially, SAS language data steps are used to create a demographic database; then, PROC FREQ, PROC MEANS, or PROC SORT are used to create tables, frequencies, and lists that help the investigator track the study population. In addition, this preliminary data manipulation helps to identify erroneous variable values before the raw data files are transferred to the division of biostatistics for statistical analysis. If an error is found during the final analysis, a copy of the SAS program database is returned on a floppy disk to the project investigator and PROC FSEDIT is used to make the necessary corrections proc step, data step, data science, dataset 3
73 PROC DATASOURCE - Strategies for User Support Sharon J. O'Donnell Researchers using business databases such as CITIBAS~, CRSP' and COMPUSTA"- often are frustrated by the complexities of their data structures. lbe hours of programming required to prepare a dataset restrict the amount of data extractions a researoher can dO within the time constraint of his project. With the introduction of PROC DATASOURCE, the programming and time needed to work with these databases are considerably reduced. The procedure also gives user support groups an opportunity to increase the number of extraction methods they can offer to users. The paper provides an overview of the issues in adding this procedure to the set of data extraction tools time series analysis, sample, proc step, extract, dataset 6
74 PROC LOGISTIC: A Form of Regression Analysis Edith Flaster logistic distribution, regression analysis, response variable, logistic regression, proc logistic, proc step, odds ratio, predictor variable, likelihood function 3
75 PROC REPORT: An Introduction to the Batch Language Ray Pass proc report, proc step, proc print 10
76 PROC TRANSPRINT: Sort of Ralph W. Leighton proc step, variable, proc contents, proc sort, calendar year 2
77 Publication Ready Kaplan-Meier Curves Including Censored and Uncensored Subjects Karol H. Katz In the SAS procedure PRoe UFETEST, the PLOTS = (S) option yields two separate graphs, a Kaplan-Meier survival curve displaying the times when deaths (failures) 0CCUITed and a graph indicating times when subjects are censored. Though this describes the data effectively it is not in a format that is ready for publication. Hardcopy figures of Kaplan-Meier survival curves with both censored and uncensored observations to accompany a manuscript submitted for publication can be created in several steps using the OUTSURV = option of PROe UFETEST and PROC GPLOT by group processing, proc gplot, proc step 6
78 Reading External Files Using SAS Software Clinton S. Rickards In the real wortd, most data are not stored in SAS datasets. Ancient legacy mainframe systems, modem client/server relational databases, simple text files on a PC (to name just a few methods) are used to stored the vast quantities of data being generated by business and academia. The irony is, while we want to use SAS to examine, analyze, display and graph this data, SAS works best with data stored in SAS datasets, not with data stored in their existing native forms. SAS has very powerful tools for reading a wide variety of external files, from the most rudimentary to the most complex. This paper is an updated and expanded version of a similarly named paper presented at NESUG '91 and will introduce DATA STEP techniques for reading standard external files ( not stored in proprietary systems like 062, SQL Server or VSAM). We will begin with a brief overview of what to do before you write any code, followed by an examination of the SAS statements used to read an external file input statement, dataset, pointer control, formatted input, filename statement, list input, character variable, infile statement, numeric constant, length statement, variable list 9
79 Reading Large Data Files in SAS Prabhakar Jain This paper presents techniques to manipulate files with millions of observations, files with multiple lines per record, and files that have variable length. These problems present challenges when we try to bring data into a SAS data set for analysis. Topics covered include options available for INFILE, such as MISSOVER, LRECL, RECFM, FIRSTOBS and OBS, and minimizing use of work files to conserve disk space. The author will present specifie examples and their explanations from his years of experience. Introdurtion: Data may be available in different reports or formats from different applications. For SAS to perform analysis, we need the data in SAS format. One option to bring data into SAS may be to re-enter in SAS. This may be time consuming and subject to typing errors. The preferred option is to read data from other applications directly into SAS. This may not be as easy as it sounds, especially if the primary data file is very large dataset, input statement, sample 5
80 Replacement Methodology or Maintaining the Rankings of Treatments in Clinical Trials with Discontinuations Maureen Fulcher Mele In our clinical trials. we anempt to compare differences in skin conditions resulting from repeated exposure to treatments. in a controlled test protocol. To do this. an ordered-categorical grading of treatment effects is conducted across multiple sessions for a number of products. If a treatment is discontinued during the trial due to skin damage. the rank of the product effect is maintained throughout the remainder of the study. We call the data handling for this the "replacement methodology" since the data is replaced after discontinuation with its appropriate ranking. This paper discusses how the ranks are maintained in the SAse data set or how the "replacement methodology" is implemented for the duration of a study proc step, clinical trial, proc sort 6
81 Replacing Records in a Data File with the MERGE Statement Charles A. DePascale merge statement, set statement 1
82 SAS Database Management System Used for Semiconductor Defect Learning Tracy L. Lord,
Ken A. Wiggin		 With increasing requirements for more complex analysis, a structured database management system is essential. This paper describes some of the structures as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the file systems used at IBM's semiconductor production facility in Essex Junction, Vermont statistical software, sample 3
83 SAS Macros for (Clinical) Database Checking and Listing Sam X. Ye character variable, macro definition, keyword parameter, %macro parameters, %if-%then-%else, libname statement, sample, macro variable 11
84 SAS Training Experiences in Our R&D Environment Maureen Fulcher Mele It started out as a simple question from one scientist, "how can I leam to use SASe software to analyze data?" That inquiry resulted in the painstaking project of developing and implementing a four day course entitled. "SASe Software Fundamentals for R&D" for researchers at our site. This paper describes the development of the training course and its impact proc step, where statement 6
85 SAS/GRAPH from the Bottom Up Michael S. Zdeb proc step, proc gplot 10
86 SAS/OR: An Introduction via an Application Douglas L. McAllaster 'Ibis paper provides an compteheJlsive introduction to one of the operations research tools in SAS/OR, PROC NETFLOW. Through an actual human resources appli cation, this paper demousttates the optimization capabil ity of this powerful network flow programming pr0ce dure proc step, dataset 6
87 Seeing Double: How to Compare a SAS Dataset with Itself Judy Loren set statement, dataset, sample 2
88 SELECT ITEMS FROM PROC.SQL WHERE ITEMS > BASICS Alan Dickson,
Ray Pass		 proc sql, proc step, dataset, select, group by, by group processing, where statement, order by, create table 10
89 Solving Common Data Processing Problems with the SQL Procedure Kirk Paul Lafler Often, techniques for solving typical data processing problems involve a great deal of data manipulation and computing resources. When confronted with problems of this nature, you could approach them using conventional DATA, andlor PROC STEP methods, or you could use the strengths of the SQL procedure to manipulate and process this data. Real world problems will be illustrated using an online tutorial approach to solve problems such as sorting and grouping data, using summary functions, performing two-, three-, and multi-table joins, and constructing subqueries to avoid having to pass the results of one query to another for further processing proc sql, right join, full join, left join, proc step 3
90 Some Clever Things to Do with User Defined INFORMATS Ronald P. Cody missing value, proc step, input statement, if-then-else, proc freq 6
91 SQL Joins - The Long and The Short of It Paul Kent This talk discusses joining tables with PROC SQL Wbenjoining small tables one can just "go with the defaults" and not wony aboutperlOnnance; these defaultsdo notalways scale well to large tables. The issue is clouded even further when one or more of the tables reside in an external DBMS. Understanding the choices made by the PROC SQL query optimiser helps people decide on a course of action they might embark on to improve the join performance of their queries. This talk presents usefulinfonnation on the SQLQuery Optimiser, and includes cases studies that demonstrate a "cookbook" strategy for improving SQL Join perfonnance. JOins The conceptual model of an SQL join is easy to understand. Simply compute all combinations of the rows from the contributing datasets and then eliminate the rows that don't "match" the WHI!RE clause. This allows users to specifywhat they want in the SQL query, without becoming overly involved in how to get it proc sql, proc step, create table, where statement, cross join, create view, in=, data merging 10
92 Statistical Methods for Assessing the Safety of Products Evaluated in Human Clinical Trials John Sourby A crossover design was employed to evaluate the impact of SALATRIM, a new low calorie fat substitute, on several blood components in a clinical trial (Finley. et al., 1994). Two of the components studied, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cholesterol, are discussed in this paper with the objective of illustrating the statistical washout period, repeated measures anova, anova, repeated measures, clinical trial, treatment effect, proc genmod 8
93 Stop Merging and Start Combining Robert C. Nicol proc step, merge statement, proc datasets, proc sql, create table 5
94 Strings, Delimiter and Difficult Data Lary Jones SAS is beamUng the prime application language for many people. This means handling a wider range of file formats. We need to go beyond the sim ple approaches which worked for regularly spaced c:olwnns and numbers. Fortunately, the SAS DATA STEP language offers many aids, though some are not well known. Many problems can be handled through such things as list input options, format modifiers, and built-4n functions. These are demon strated through reading a simple order-entry file. Other problems may require a bit of ingenuity and p-ogramming tricks. The task of converting a CMS Names (e-mail addresses) file to the format used by the elm mail program on UNlX systems is used as an example of some techniques which make it possi ble to process special format files and delimited string data. IntroducHon Everyone has dealt with delimited data. Every time one uses list input, SAS uses blanks as a delimiter, or divider, between data elements conditional do loop, input statement 6
95 Table Lookups in the SAS DATA Step Gary L. Katsanis lookup, key=, set statement, proc step 7
96 The Creative Use of the PUT Statement to Improve Productivity and Flexibility in Table Generation Sam X. Ye put statement, macro definition 7
97 The Mult-Platform Challenge: SAS for Windows and VMS Without SAS/CONNECT Daphne E. Ewing In an era of downsizing and rigbtsizing in the corporate world, companies are also struggling with tJying to save money. Each company has unique requirements and processing power. The real challenge is using it to it's potential. Using Base SAS and SAS/STAT on the V AXlVMS platform with multiple users causes system performance degradation. With benchmarking done on a number of platforms, the decision was made to provide these users with PC's and SAS for Wmdows. Due to the nature of the business, data and source code had to be accessed and used from both platforms at any given time. This paper will address some of the key changes that had to be made to the source code such that the same code would run on both platforms. The data also had to be accessible from both platforms. This paper describes the system created to allow both platforms to run the same programs with the same data files without using the SAS/CONNBCT software dataset, macro loop, %if-%then-%else, macro definition, proc step, macro variable, proc sort 6
98 The SAS System as an Information Database T. Randall Betancourt In implementing a successful data access strategy, it is important to recognize there are appropriate and inappropriate ways to access data depending on the nature and distribution of that data and the types of applications requiring access to the data. In some cases it may be appropriate to give users access to the data through views. But, if the views are to a production or transaction-oriented database, the prospect. of having 300 users making ill timed and ill-framed queries can quickly lose its appeal as the database performance grinds to a slow crawl. In such a case, giving users access to separate extract files organized in an information database might be more appropriate. 'This paper will examine the role of the information database in enterprise computing. and database features of the SAS System that allow it to be a cost-effective alternative to a commercial DBMS as a source for data required by ad-hoc query and reporting. and decision support applications 7
99 The Virginia Higher Education Information System Dennis B. Catley,
James M. Alessio		 Staff of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV), Virginia's higher education coordinating board, and the Office of Institutional Research at Virginia Tech have developed an enterprise information system in a client/server environment. The system, using SAS, provides access to data and information at the institution, state, and national levels. Data can be accessed from client PC's or mainframe sessions over established state and national networks. . The Virginia Educational and Research Network (VERNet) provides the backbone within the state and access to the INTERNET. The model is flexible, providing users the ability to connect to and access data on a variety of computers and operating systems dataset, management reporting 4
100 Tips and Techniques for Converting and Upgrading to SAS/AF FRAME Entries Julianne Staub Perry With \he FRAME entry in SAS/AF software, applications developers are discovering the many advantages of creating graphical user intarface (GUI) applications using object-oriented programming (OOP) tachniques. Although building a FRAME entry application from scratch may be the most comprehensive 10
101 TRACKING: A SAS/AF FRAME Entry Application Mark T. Stetz This paper discusses a SAS/AF FRAME entry application designed to track calls to a SAS help desk. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes the application, including its appearance, FRAME entry objects employed, and functionality. The second part of the paper describes some of the technical aspects of the application and includes examples of Screen Control Language (SCL) code .. A Note on Figures FlQures used in this paper to depict the states of the screen in the application are bltmapped screen captures that have been color inverted for the where statement, dataset 8
102 Use of SAS/INSIGHT to Graphically Display Repeated Measures Data Jan W. Buzydlowski The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group is conducting a Phase II clinical trial of the effect of radiosensitizer plus standard external beam radiation for the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. One of the measures of response in the trial is the marker of prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) and its value over time. This paper discusses the ease of use of SASIINSIGHT to graphically display the repeated PSA measures of the trial and how the use of a graphic representation as opposed to a previously used report format lead to an important insight which changed the method of doing the analysis scatter plot, clinical trial 3
103 Using Indexes for Direct Access to SAS Datasets Judy Loren index, dataset, proc step, set statement 7
104 Using Macro Options Nancy Kocher If you have ever used macros in SAS·, you may have wondered which options to tum on and which to tum off in order to UDderstaIId what was really going on. You may have actually asked yourself: "How do I find the value of the macro variable during execution?" (SYMBOLGEN is the answer) or "What is the macro code doing?" (tty MLOGIC) or "Where am I in the %DO loop?" (MLOOIC, again) or "Which macro generated what code?" (MPRINT will tell you!) There are many questions which can be aDSWered easily by using the right option! This paper will summarize some of the SAS System. Options for use with MACRO and will provide a guide for using them! macro variable, call symput, proc print, sas log, macro loop, %if-%then-%else, proc step, macro facility, options statement, &variable, macro definition 6
105 Using Macros as a Data Table Generation Tool Daphne E. Ewing Displaying a variety of data in a consistent manner can be tedious and frustrating. Making adjustments to these displays, such as adding/removing columns, can be time coDSumlng and just as frustrating. This paper will show the user how to set up macros which work together to make data table generation consistent, easy to follow, and easy to modify. I will define several SAS macros, show how they interact with each other and the data, and give examples of input and output. Given these macros, I will also show how to modify displays easily macro variable, %if-%then-%else, macro definition, put statement, adverse events, proc print 7
106 Using of the PHREG Procedure in a Matched Case-Control Analysis Karin LaPann binary variable, odds ratio, confidence interval, nominal variable, p-value, proc step 4
107 Using SAS INCLUDE Files and SAS Macro Variables to Develop an Interactive Graphics Application Rick Guest Do you generate a hundred or more graphs each day just to ensure that. a particular one required by your manager is available? SAS graphics catalogs are excellent for storing a variety of graphics covering all aspects of your business, however, they can use a lot of CPU and DASD to create and hold graphics that may rarely, if ever, be used. This paper describes a simple SAS program for creating graphics interactively when they are needed. Actual program text provides examples that can be executed or modified with very little effort, which will enable you to convert these examples into a working tool for your graphics requirements. With this information, you should be able to use a SAS INCLUDE file, write a simple SAS MACRO, generate a simple SAS graph and output a graph to an ADMGDF file in a CMS environment macro variable, macro definition, sample, macro call, %if-%then-%else 6
108 Using SAS to Simulate Questionnaire Style Data John F. Walsh A SAS program permits instructors to provide sWdents with simulated questionnaire style data for use in courses in stalistics and experimental design. The program can produce data that approximate tile distributions of nominal or categorical variables, Likert type rating scale data and normally distributed scores cumulative frequency, proc freq 3
109 Using SAS with Oracle Products for Database Management and Reporting Henry W. Buffum,
Darryl J. Keith		 Data for a large environmental monitoring project that were managed for several years in SASot datasets were recently loaded into an Oracle~ database. In order to meet the needs of users who rely on SAS for reporting and statistical analyses, an interface between Oracle and SAS must be maintained. SAS provides twO products that facilitate this interface: the SQL procedure, and the SASI ACCESS facility. This paper will describe how these tools were used to convert a database from SAS datasets to Oracle tables and to maintain links between Oracle and the SAS system proc sql, dataset, proc step, oracle, sql pass-through, sample, create view, key, sas programmer, data governance, select 7
110 Using SAS/AF FRAME Entries to Develop Client/Server Applications Jeffrey S. Butler proc sql, proc step, macro variable, dataset, sas log, group by, macro definition 6
111 Using SAS/IML to Account for Spatial Dependence in Regression Models Charles B. Hallahan regression analysis, predictor variable, likelihood function, sample 8
112 Using the INFILE Option FILEVAR= With Page Controlled Input H. Ian Whitlock flat file, dataset 2
113 Using the SAS Systems for Market Research: Gap Analysis and Ideal Point Mapping Frederick E. Pratter liquidity gap, proc step, proc gchart, proc princomp 7
114 Validating Your SAS Program Jennifer Dougherty This presentation is for SAS programmers who want to gumantee that their output is correct every time their SAS code is executed. By validating frequendy used SAS programs or code in addition to a small percentage of your output, you ensure that this code performs as expected on all data of the same type. I will begin by discussing one company's experience in implementing a program validation process. I will explore the need for program validation and the steps needed to validate SAS code, and will include a discussion and examples. I will investigate the difI'erence between validating your SAS code and validating SAS output. Finally, I will view some of the different types of errors in SAS programs and discuss some commOn mistakes frequently found when validating the code. This process of validating SAS programs is not meant to replace your current verification techniques, but it can be used as an additional method for assuring quality control within your data processing department in=, data cleaning, proc print, proc step, quality assurance, out=, sas output, sas programmer, vital signs 4
115 Visual Information Delivery Mark Brown The SAS System is poised to exploit new methods of data presentation through the release of new software produclS for Visual Information Delivery. As organizations struggle to comprehand and draw conclusions from large amounts of data, pictures and maps offer a visual methodology to integrate the display, selection, and analysis of both spatial and attribute data. The paper focuses on the new tools wHh the SAS System for Visual Information Delivery: SASlGIS· for building Geographic Information Systems, SASISPECTRAVIEW - for multidimensional volumetriC data visualization, SASlGRAPH· with image extensions for Imaging application and presentation graphics, SASNIOEO - for multimedia support, and Visual Space software lor virtual reality applications 4
116 Where in the World: A PROC GMAP Tutorials John Bander proc step, proc gmap 7
117 Why Use PROC TRANSPOSE? Anthony Bryan Malinowski proc step, proc transpose, by group processing, proc print, proc tabulate 5
118 Working with Classes in SAS/AF FRAME Entries Daniel Gronell macro variable, where statement 6
119 Writing an In-House SAS User's Guide Bruce F. Gilsen autocall macro, batch job 8

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