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SESUG 1997 Papers - Index

72 papers. Source: SESUG (SouthEast SAS Users Group) conference proceedings.

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1 A Step-By-Step Illustration of Building a Data Analysis Tool with Macros Diana Zhang Wobus (This paper base on a presentation given at proc step, macro variable, proc means, proc univariate, proc rank, macro definition, macro loop, sample, proc sort 7
2 An Introductory Overvlew of the Data Form and Data Table Objects in SAS/AF Frame Entries Ann Carpenter Rockett The Data Form and Data Table objects in SAS/AF FRAME entries allow you to view and edit data in a graphical manner with more customizations than ever allowed by the FSEDIT or FSVIEW procedures in SAS/FSP software. This paper introduces you to Data Form and Data Table and discusses features of each object. You will learn how these objects can be customized, how they use a model and a viewer, andhow they can take advantage of their own separate SCL entry dataset, data cleaning 10
3 An Iterative loop of SQl Code H. Ian Whitlock Some problems with good PROC SOL solutions require an iterative step. A good intuitively simple illustrative example was presented as a question in the first quarter of 1997 on SAg:.L. This paper restates the problem and gives a simple SOL solution using very simple macro code for the iterative loop. The Problem Suppose we have a data set, W, containing the variables NAME and GROUP create table, group by, proc step, macro loop, macro definition, proc sql, macro variable, %if-%then-%else 2
4 Analysis of Repeated Measures and Longitudinal Data Jane Pendergast Repeated measures and longitudinal data require special attention because they involve correlated data. This correlation is induced when the primary sampnng units are measured repeatedly over time or under different conditions. Examples of techniques applicable to normal and non-normal data using the $AS system will be presented. The focus of the presentation is an overview of correlation, covariance, likelihood function, proc mixed, proc genmod, proc step, longitudinal data, maximum likelihood estimation, covariance structure, poisson distribution, repeated measures, repeated measures anova, regression analysis, anova, sample, missing value, normal distribution, proc calis, response variable, restricted maximum likelihood, proc glm, time-dependent covariate, binomial distribution 8
5 Beyond Field Validation: Incorporating the Batch Edit Into the Total Data System John A. Quarantillo Computer Systems professionals have always been faced wtth the problem of 'dirty data'. In the past, errors were detected using batch edit programs to identify errors. The output from these batch edRs was then reviewed, corrections were transcribed onto coding sheets, then keyed, and finally applied to the data using a batch update program. With the advent of custom interactive data entry systems, many edit checks were buik into the data entry system, replacing the batch edit process. There are clear advantages to this, but in the interest of speed and simplicity, the data entry edRs were not as robust or thorough as the batch edRs of the past. Many complex checks were left undone. The approach that we describe uses the SAS system, and SASlAF to combine a customized interactive data entry system with improved batch systems, taking advantage of the strengths of each to produce an integrated system for data entry and cleaning that is both thorough and easy to use data cleaning, data validation rules 3
6 CAUTIONARY TALES FOR SAS PROGRAMMERS (or, Coding Pitfalls for the Unwary) Jeny Le Breton The ease of getting started with Base SAS programming belies the breadth and depth of the SAS language. It can also lead users into trouble. Since users can generate results by writing just a minimal amount of code, and leaving the SAS System to 'fill in the blanks', they often don't realise or understand what SAS is doing for them behind the scenes. Its often not what they expect. Experienced users are certainly not immune either. Indeed, the experienced users often create more serious errors because of their greater, and sometimes misplaced, confidence. Being aware of the most dangerous features will, of course, avoid potential problems, but so too will good programming practice - long before all the manuals have been consigned to memory. This paper illustrates a few classic traps, and how to avoid them. It also demonstrates that the know-ails, don't! output, if-then-else 7
7 Changes and Enhancements for The SAS System Versions 6.11 and 6.12 Under Windows Christine E. Cox This paper describes some of the more significant functional changes and enhancements in versions 6.11/6.1 2, outlining differences in the ways in which these changes actually work under Windows 3.11 (and 3.1) versus Windows 95. Features discussed include using the on-line help, use of memory, converting format libraries from earlier versions, changing the colors of the window elements, assigning function keys, using "print manager", use of work.datasets, changing the default working directory, and reading and writing files between the PC and a remote host with FTP libname statement, index 5
8 Clients <<-> Agent <->> Servers: Accessing Distributed, Heterogeneous Databases Sigurd W. Hermansen,
Greg Cox		 Databases in thefoture will certainly become more widely distributed across applications and platforms. Even now we are seeing on intranets and the Internet a surge in database implementations that cross DBMS and system boundaries. That trend seems likely to accelerate. Concurrently, the boundaries of database systems are being stretched to encompass multiple forms of data dictionaries, different data types and objects, and new ideas about the relations among data objects. Distributed and heterogeneous databases open up new possibilities for systems, but present new challenges as well. Builders of database access systems are relying more and more on middleware solutions to the problem of combining data In this presentation, we suggest a scheme that links database clients and servers under the control of an agent program left join, proc sql, create table 6
9 Code or DATA? H. Ian Whitlock A Report Writing Seminar given at Westat was charged with finding new techniques to control complex DATA _NULL_ reports. This paper presents one of the techniques developed. DATA NULL reports often require numerous tedious co;;-ditlonil PUT statements writing a mixture of literal information with data. In such cases one can view the report as a text input file with variable references, where one wants to conditionally print certain lines after making substitutions for variable references and conditionally inserting lines which are not in the input text file. This sample, txt, macro definition, conditional do loop, macro conditional 10
10 Comparing Clinical Trials Data Using Population Trees Lisa McNamara Hlina Population trees generated using the SAS/GRAPH~ GCHART Procedure are a great way to interpret data from two different populations. In this paper, population trees are used to compare the psychological symptoms obtained from clinical trials data for two different treatment groups over three 28 day cycles. This paper will also discuss how the use of color, shading, and annotated labels help to communicate information quickly and easily. The target audience is for both beginner and intermediate audiences and can be adapted to any platform proc gchart, proc step, clinical trial, proc freq 6
11 Computer-Assisted Real-Time Observation: Issues in Data Management Eric V. Bodner,
Michael J. Demand		 Growing interest in real-time behavioral observation is hindered by the limited amount of information available on the topic. With this in mind, emphasis will be placed on relating the structure of real-time data, the inherent problems encountered when using such data, and the actual programming approach we utilize in our work proc freq, estimate 2
12 Creating a PC-based Information System: An Evolutionary/Revolutionary Visionary Approach (Part II) Peter Parker,
R. Keith Daly		 This paper is intended for former mainframe users who now use PCs for their data processing. It is a continuation of a paper we presented at SUGI 21, which described our switch to the PC platform, the considerations we made, and the problems we encountered. Here's what we've done since then- especially new innovations initiated and problems encountered. The Office of Textiles and Apparel (OTEXA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce has moved all databases and all computer programs from the NIH mainframe computer system onto a PC based system. Details on this transition can be found in our paper in the SUGI 21 proceedings. Since we've developed this PC-based system, we have become more proficient in writing more: efficient code (using indexes and advanced DATA STEP statements); elaborate SAS macros and macro windows to automate production and data queries; elegant applications that tie SAS software programs with other software applications. As well, this paper will elaborate on problems encountered and ideas that are being pursued. data step, data wrangling, macro definition, macro variable, dataset 4
13 Creating a Successful Analysis Environment for a Data Warehouse Sam Paper,
Mohamed Bouallam		 The PC/SAS toolset (V6.11 or V6.12) does not implicitly support features that add value to either (1) the analyst environment or (2) the support infrastructure. In order to create a successful analysis environment and simplify maintenance of the toolset, additions to the Point & Click environment were added. The customization includes PC/SAS access script and startup file modifications, Frame and SCL development, SQL Query profile customization. The customization includes a standard Login environment for the enterprise, a simpler SQL query windowing environment, remote batch and print queueing on the host (MVS/DB2). proc sql, data warehouse 7
14 Cross Platform Application Development in SAS Exploitation of Multi-Vendor Architecture (MVA) Gregory S. Barnes Nelson Developing applications in one environment and porting them to a second can be a tremendous effon. The advantages offer off-site development opportunities and independence among developers. In addition, it allows the development effort to be done in an environment comfortable to the developer. The pitfalls aJ)d extra effort required to ensure a successful project tend to scare most people off. This paper will highlight some of the issues in portability and cross-platform development and offer strategies for successful implementation of this model of development 11
15 Data Warehouse Implementation with the SAS System Tony Brown The successful implementation of a data ware house can be an extremely complex process, requiring significant planning, patience, and persistence. The Professional Services Division of SAS Institute Inc. has found that a good understanding of data warehousing concepts, coupled with a solid development methodology, and a technical infrastructure built around the SAS System can enable practitioners to achieve their goals of effective data warehousing. This paper addresses many of the challenges and issues that The Professional Services Division has confronted during the development of data warehouses. It explores the defmition and data warehouse, star schema, fact table, dimension table, data cleaning 11
16 Data Warehousing and Telemedicine James Zadinsky,
Fort Gordon		 The pmpose of this paper is to describe the potential impact of data warehousing on the implementation of telemedicine projects in a military healthcare environment. A brief discussion of current data warehousing models in the u.s. Department of Defense (DoD) Health Affairs is presented. Three telemedicine projects that are ongoing at the Center for Total Access (CTA) at Fort Gordon, GA are used as examples of the types of projects that can be enhanced by the use of data warehousing. The CTA focuses on technology to develop new avenues of delivering medical services and it serves as laboratory for healthcare re engineering through the use of advanced communications. The use of data warehousing at the CTA would establish the backbone for collecting and storing data from all internal and external systems for the primary pUIpose of in-depth statistical analysis. The integration of data warehousing with the telemedicine applications would data warehouse, data science 5
17 Developing an Executive Information System with SAS/EIS Software Matthew J. Becker SAS has provided users with a new, intuitive, and powerful tool for developing information systems. SAS/EIS software provides users with a vast set of objects to aid in the development of custom information applications. In this tutorial, a simple bank account application will be developed. The following tasks will be stepped through: 1. Details for a bank data set 2. Creating the data set structure in SAS 3. Registering of the data set in the application's metabase 4. Building the application Data entry system Expanding report Hierarchical organization chart Multi-dimensional report * Graphical menu builder The tutorial is geared towards users with little or no SASIEIS experience bar chart, crf 6
18 Developing International Electronic Data Exchange From Negotiations To Code William S. Calvert The development of electronic standards for international electronic data interchange (EDI) is described from a conceptual point of view. Practical considerations and implementation issues are discussed and clarified using SAS· code samples to read and write segments of standard data files. Examples will be drawn from standards in development, such as the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use expert working group on Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports (lCH:E2b). Related implementation level standards such as those produced by the ICH:M2 expert working group and 'standards of convenience' such as Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). will also be discussed pharmaceutical industry, sample 8
19 Developing SAS/AF Class Libraries for Automated Program Generation Carl R. Haske STATPROBE, Inc., has developed a standard SAse program ming system that has been used for a number of years to pro duce computer-generated reports for clinical trials. It is set up to maximize flexibility and efficiency during the course of report production for data analysis, whether the report is a basic clini cal report, a report for a Data Safety Mon~oring Board (DSMB), a new drug application (NDA), or integrate.d summaries of safety or efficacy (ISSIISE). The programming system consists of a generic macro library and a standard file structure that is created for each project. The stan(jard file structure is organized hierarchically, allowing support for multiple protocols and the opportunity to develop and store reusable program code. The final phase of development in this programming system consisted of classifying the computer-generated report specifI cations and creating a class library in SASIAF corresponding to these classifications adverse events, clinical trial, study day, macro definition 9
20 Documenting SAS Programs: Increasing Programmer Efficiency Imelda C. Go A frequently neglected aspect of computer programming is documentation. Systematic program documentation facilitates the reuse of programs and reduces the drudgery when programmers must study or revise programs written by others. The drudgery is not usually because of inability or lack of skill but because of lack of time and inadequate documentation. In work environments that rely heavily on computing, programs are typically reused and revised long after the original programmer has gone. This paper outlines a strategy for systematic program documentation, specifically in the SAS oomputing environment. It includes ideas that the author has found helpful in conquering the accumulation of programs and printouts. Your needs should guide the development of a system that best works for you. Modifying and improving the system will help it evolve into an organizational tool well worth the thought and implementation proc step, input statement, macro variable, comment 5
21 Editing Output in the Program Editor Bob Virgile Often, you'll want to edit your output before printing. On a PC, a convenient way to do this is to remain within the SAS System for the entire process: producing, editing, and printing. By filing the output and bringing it into the Program Editor, however, you lose the page breaks that you might normally enjoy. This tip covers how to bring output into the Program Editor and insert page breaks (and other top of page information) where you would like, without having to leave the SAS System. file statement, title statement 1
22 Evaluation of Manatee Feeding Preferences from Partial Ranks Jay M. Harrison A series of trials was conducted to measure the feeding preferences of captive manatees at Homosassa Springs State Park, Florida. During each trial, one manatee was allowed to browse through a completely randomized grid of five plant foods with four replications of each food. Responses consisted of arbitrary numbers of ranks which indicated the order in which the foods were eaten. A method of describing food preferences based on partial ranks was developed by obtaining Mann-Whitney preference counts for each pair of foods, then fitting Bradley-Terry models to the corresponding contingency tables proc genmod, proc calis, proc step 3
23 Exploring Data With Base SAS Software Thomas J. Winn Jr. Statistical methods are tools which are used to summarize and analyze data. Exploratory data analySis is the application of graphical and statistical techniques to discover the structure of data. The goal of exploratory data analysis is to characterize the date and to reveal fundamental relationships among them. It is quick, dynamic, and highly interactive. Furthermore, exploratory date analysis is not just for use by professional statisticians -- the methods also are used by scientists, engineers and many other types of researchers. This paper explains how to produce end to interpret scatter plots, histograms, stem-and-leal plots, box-end-whisker plots, and various descriptive statistics, using Base SAS software proc step, central tendency, correlation, proc univariate, interquartile range, data science, numeric variable, standard deviation, exploratory data analysis, sas base, cv, box plot, proc freq, proc means, raw data, dataset, histogram 7
24 Getting the Job Done With Macros and Annotation Randy C. Finch,
Muscle Shoals		 How often have you been given an assignment, and as soon as it was completed, more was needed? And after that, even more was needed, and so on ad managerium? I was recently given such an assignment. Luckily, this work was a fun learning experience rather than a how-do-I-get-out-of-this experience. macro variable, proc gplot 6
25 How MERGE Really Works Bob Virgile Do your MERGEs produce unexpected results? Three basic DATA STEP concepts resolve the complexities of MERGE: compile and execute, the Program Data Vector, and data movement among various storage locations. These concepts apply to all DATA steps, not just those using MERGE. This paper examines these key issues in general and then applies them specifically to the MERGE process. Examples illustrate trickier aspects of MERGE as well as techniques to code around the pitfalls. set statement, length statement, merge statement 8
26 Identifying Clinical Practice Improvement Opportunities Using Resampling Techniques in PROC MULTTEST Gregory L. Pearce Six surgeons perform more than 800 coronary artery bypass graft (CABO) surgeries annually at the Owen Heart Center, a program of the Mission + St. Joseph's Health System (MSJHS). Surgeon specific results are evaluated quarterly. Each surgeon is compared to the remainder of the group for seven adverse events with the intent of identifying continuous quality improvement (CQI) opportunities for clinical pmctice. In order to drive out fear in the CQI process, the probability of declaring a false significance must be controlled. Without adjustment, the probability of declaring a significant difference spuriously approaches 88%. Adjustment techniques to address the multiple comparison problem are available (e.g., Bonferroni) but may prove too conservative to identify CQI opportunities for the surgeons. Therefore, a method that balances the risk of falsely declaring a significant result with the ability to detect clinically important differences is desirable adverse events, multiplicity, type i error, proc step, significance level, correlation 6
27 Identifying the Order of Integration of Time-series Data Using Customized SAS Macros: Dickey-Fuller and Augmented Dickey-Fuller Tests Jun Zuo Identifying the order of integration of each single time-series variable is an important step to examine the potential presence of cointegration among multiple time-series variables. In this paper, a customized SAS macro is developed to conveniently and efficiently identify the order of integration of time-series data. The order is determined in terms of results of testing stationarity of the nth order difference of the variable by using either Dickey-FuUer or Augmented DiCkey-Fuller tests, which are accommodated in another SAS macro. One advantage of using these macros to determine the order of integration is that different specifications (without drift, with drift, or with both drift and linear trend) and different lags (for ADF test) can be easily selected using options defined within these macros time series analysis, null hypothesis, regression analysis, macro definition, unit root, macro variable, proc step 6
28 Installation Issues with the SAS System and NetWare 4 Gerardette M. Furlow Integrating the SAS System efficiently and effectively in a networked environment is a task that the SAS SoftWare consultant is faced with .for each new release of the SAS System. There are configuration issues that must be addressed for the fileserver and the client workstations for the integration to work smoothly. This paper will focus on the networ~ installation of the SAS System for Microsoft Windows Release 6.12. Particular emphasis will be placed on the integration of the SAS System within a Novell NetWare 4 environment sas base, sas log 5
29 Intranet Data Access: A First Exploration Paul L. Marsh In many organizations, data are found in disparate systems such as spreadsheets, wordprocessor, and statistical packages. Also, the audience to which data must be reported is often vastly different from the audience that does raw data manipulation. Web browsers such as Mosaic, Netscape, and Internet Explorer offer application developers a standard interface to the disparate data across all audiences. This paper describes the efforts of an Intranet novice to construct a company website. The data accessible from the website reside in PC (mostly Lotus 1-2-3 and Paradox) and AlX (SAS and Informix) formats. Keywords: intranet, metadata, user interfaces, odbc dataset, proc sql 5
30 Learning About Your Data: Tips and Techniques for Looking at Large Files Sandra D. Schlotzhauer As a SA$fb consultant, you often receive unfamiliar data. A first step in analyzing or reporting on the data is to familiarize yourself with the data. For small files, or only a few files, simply printing the data may suffice. As the number of files and size of each file increases, this becomes increasingly less effective. We cover several techniques to investigate large files including: checking the structure of the data sets, finding duplicate variables, determining if the data values are reasonable, finding holes (unexpectedly large numbers of missing or identical values), using formats to handle long character values, using indicator variables instead of numeric variables, and more. We also cover general strategies, such as documenting the data sets as received, documenting changes, using subsets of the data for testing, and keeping the Original data sets intact proc step, character variable, proc means, proc contents, numeric variable, proc print, proc sort, missing value, sample, attrib statement, label statement, proc compare, clinical trial, binary variable, laboratory data, pharmaceutical industry, proc freq, sas log, obs, cpu time, sorted data, where statement, dataset 10
31 Modeling Higher Education Processes with Multiple Logistic Regression: SAS Examples Daniel Teodorescu This paper is intended to familiarize SAS users, research analysts and statisticians with the use of logistic regression in the study of higher education processes (i.e. college choice decisions, enrollment management, retention analysis, etc.). LOGISTIC REGRESSION INmGHER EDUCATION Many college outcomes and processes share the following two chaIacteristics: 1) they are dichotomous in nature, and 2) they often are the result of an interaction between a series of student and institutional characteristics. Such outcomes/processes include, for instance, deciding to attend college, choosing a specific college over another, dropping out before completing a degree, graduating in a particular major and transferring from one institution to another. By predicting/modeling these behavi~ institutional researchers can substantially affect the effectiveness of enrollment management and student retention programs at their institutions regression analysis, logistic regression, logistic distribution, predictor variable, response variable, sample, proc step, likelihood function, proc reg, proc logistic, sample size, binary variable 5
32 New Data Step Functions in SAS 6.12 - Part I Data Set Functions Caroline C. Bahler The DATA STEP in SAS 6.12 is the recipient of 50+ new functions. These new functions are broken into the following groupings data set functions, external file functions, library and catalog functions, special functions, variable functions, and statistical functions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the data set and their related variable functions and to illustrate potential uses of the data set functions sas base, macro definition, macro variable, macro loop, %if-%then-%else 5
33 New Data Step Functions in SAS 6.12 - Part II External File Functions External File Functions The DATA STEP in SAS 6.12 is the recipient of 50+ new functions. These new functions are broken into the following groupings data set functions, extemal file functions, library and catalog functions, special functions, variable functions, and statistical functions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the extemal file functions and to illustrate potential uses of the extemal file functions sas base, macro definition 4
34 New Data Step Functions in SAS 6.12 - Part III Special Functions Special Functions The DATA STEP in SAS 6.12 is the recipient of 50+ new functions. These new functions are broken into the following groupings data set functions, external file functions, library and catalog functions, special functions, variable functions, and statistical functions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the special functions and to illustrate their potential uses sas base, data step 4
35 On The Macro-Based Information System Jeff F. Sun Running and maintaining an information system become more complex and more time consuming when the number of components in a system gets big and the running conditions get more complicated. In order to handle this kind of complex information systems, it is better for us to link all system components together logically and systematically. The SAS macro facilityllanguage is a powerful tool to accomplish this task. The goal of this paper is to introduce a 3M (i.e. Linkage Macros, Operation Macros, and Utility Macros) systematic structure for the effective development and maintenance of the macro based information system. This paper also discusses the design and development of the macro-based information system in detail. A case study in the MVS environment is also provided macro facility, macro definition, macro call, macro variable, stored macro, proc step, proc sql 8
36 One Trainer's Method of Workshop Design Teresa Wilson The freshwater fisheries biologists in the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources desired to learn programming SAS software in order to complete some of their basic data analyses independently. The author designed a series ofworkshops involving a hands-on programming experience for the biologists, as well as workbooks with examples and exercises relevant to fisheries research and management proc step, dataset, proc tabulate, anova, regression analysis, proc glm, proc genmod 9
37 Optimizing Client-Server Performance through Data Warehouse Design Eric C. Brinsfield Client-server systems enable users to access large volumes of data on seemingly unfriendly mainframes or servers, while offering a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) on the local PC. Even the best GUI design, however, cannot disguise the slow performance that results from poor client-server design. This paper will discuss how to utilize data warehousing concepts to improve client-server performance and will describe specific examples. 6
38 Phonetic Matching of Character Data S. David Riba There are many occasions when character values must be compared on non-precise, or "fuzzy", criteria. For example, how do you find all the values in your data for a city such as Raleigh, NC. when the values could be spelled (or mis-spelled) as: Raleigh, Raliegh, Ralehg, or even Roleg Traditionally, SAS programming looks at the TEXT of the character values and attempts to define all of the possible text variations. There is another way. Most people, when they do not know how to spen something, will phoneticize it and spell it based on how it sounds. You can compare text the same way, based on how the text value SOUNDS - phonetically. There are several tools in Base SASe software to - compare character data based on phonetic values. This paper will review these SAS tools, and present several techniques for comparing and summarizing data based on phonetic, instead of text, values. These techniques can be useful for all levels of SAS programming expertise where statement, proc step 4
39 PROC FACTOR: How to Interpret the Output of a Real-World Example Rachel J. Goldberg This paper summarizes a real-world example of a factor analysis with a VARIMAX rotation utilizing the SAS System's PROC FACTOR procedure. Each step that one must undergo to perform a factor analysis is desaibed - from the initial programming code to the interpretation of the PROC FACTOR output The paper begins by highlighting the major issues that you must consider when performing a factor analysis using the SAS System's PROC FACTOR. This is followed by an explanation of sample PROC FACTOR program code, and then a detailed discussion of how to interpret the PROC FACTOR output. The main focus of the paper is to help SAS software beginning and average skill level users learn how to interpret programming code and output from PROC FACTOR. Some knowledge of Statistics and/or Mathematics would be helpful in order to understand parts of the paper. All 01 the results discussed utilize Base SAS and SAS/STA T software factor analysis, proc factor, proc step, correlation, scree plot, sample, factor loading, data science, orthogonal rotation, varimax rotation, r-squared, exploratory data analysis, sample size 8
40 Reports at Your Fingertips: Displaying SAS-Generated Data on the World Wide Web Gilbert Rodriguez,
M. Rita Thissen		 The Wo~d Wide Web provides SAS-Ianguage programmers with a quick and easy way to display the output of thfilir applications. Using a simple website, a wide variety of information can be presented in an organized manner, accessible to users at any location. The combination of new technology and traditional SAS-Ianguage reporting methods is ideal for use with production systems that generate large numbers of reports for a widespread audience. This paper describes a website which functions as an information management system (IMS) for a large-scale project, making status reports, budget information, projections and other routine reports available to users with a click of the mouse dataset, data cleaning 3
41 SAS Changes and Enhancements for Version 6.11 and Version 6.12 Arturo Barrios proc step, filename statement, libname statement, delimited file 4
42 SAS Macros in the Land of "x" (the Operating System) Harmon L. Jolley Our company has implemented a SAS data warehouse which resides on a 7-node, SOO GB IBM SPTM server. Over 100 users (data analysts and systems personnel) connect to the server via SASICONNECT and TCPIIP from their OS/2 or Windows workstations. To assist in managing the computing environment, we access operating system (AIX) data from within the SAS System using the SAS Macro Facility and SAS interfaces to the operating system. Although the illustrations are based on the AIX operating system, the concepts apply to other platforms because of the portability of the SAS System. Managing the Computing Environment storaee Our SAS data warehouse and SP server were implemented as a replacement for a mainframe-based data analysisIreporting environment. One of the strengths of the SAS System is that it allows users to create subsets of data from the warehouse for further analysis, and file systems were allocated on the SP for that purpose macro definition, data warehouse, sas log, proc sql 3
43 SAS/ASSIST Software for Beginners Sally M. Muller,
Arturo Barrios		 Four years ago we began teaching a two-hour dataset, flat file, where statement, sas library, proc step, catalog, input statement, data step, sas output, character variable, sas programming, libname statement, proc freq 14
44 SAS/SPECTRAVIEW Software and Data Mining: A Case Study Ronald E. Stogner Advances in information technology are allowing organizations to collect and store larger amounts of detailed data. Today's challenge is for companies to turn this information into a competitive advantage. Application areas, such as data mining, database marketing and decision support, hold the promise of turning this information into profits. One key component to this process is data visualization. This paper presents a practical example of using data visualization technology to assist companies in the decision support process. SASISPECTRAVIEW software is used to spot key relationships and trends in a large data set. SAS/SPECTRAVIEW Software and Data Mining Major companies today are faced with a growing dilemma. They have amassed large quantities of data related to their businesses and their customers. The challenge for these companies is to turn this data into profitable information data mining, predictor variable, sample, data visualization, response variable 5
45 Self-Modifying SAS Programs: A DATA Step Interface S. David Riba There are many situations where it is useful to have a SASe program modify itself during execution. Some examples include: conditionally execute a macro based on the data in a SAS dataset conditionally execute a procedure when there is no data in a SAS dataset generate in-line SAS program code based on the contents in a SAS dataset w~eSQlstatementsrortheSQl Pass-Through Facility "on-the-f1y" This paper explores a little-known routine in the SAS System that allows a SAS program to ~e SAS code "0 n-the-fly" during execution. Since CALL EXECUTE is a DATA STEP CALL routine, the full capabilities of the DATA STEP can be applied to conditionally generate SAS program statements while the program is executing. If you have ever written program code· to a temporary file and then %INCLUDEd it back into your program, you need to take a closer look at CALL EXECUTE. The paper will discuss the uses of CALL EXECUTE with specific examples based on real world situations call execute, dataset, proc step, proc sql, macro facility, proc print, macro variable, sample, proc sort, excel, if-then-else, macro definition 8
46 SQL: A Sequel to the Data Step Heidi Markovitz This tutorial introduces the SAS implementation of the SQL language. It explains the basic structures and functions used in PROC SQL. Attendees will be shown how to use SQL to extract data from SAS data sets, report on that data, and build new tables and views from extracted data For listeners in a dating mode, plenty of attention will be given the SElECT statement and the various forms of UNION (or JOIN). Examples will compare the SQL way of data processing with other SAS teclmiques, including the DATA STEP and PROC SORT. What is SQL? Structured QueIY Language, commonly called SQL, is a non-procedural language for maintaining data in a Relational Data Base. ''Non-procedural" means that the programmer specifies the input and output of the process without describing the sequence used to obtain that output SQL was :first publicly described in a paper by E. F. Codd in 1976, for use with a prototype Relational Data Base System (ROBMS) proc sql, proc step, proc print, order by, create view, create table, where statement, sample, select 6
47 Standardizing Output: PROC TRANSPOSE to the Rescue Judy Loren PROC SUMMARY nway; class sex age music; var party dances; output out=summed mean(dances)=avgdancs sum(party)=atparty n=atconf; The first 10 obs of the results are printed in Figure 2. You'll notice that the values of MUSIC are different for females in their 20's and females in their 30's. Next we use the TRANSPOSE procedure: PROC TRANSPOSE data=summed out=trans' id music; , by sex age; The results are shown in Figure 3 (which you may note is produced with a PROC REPORT NAMED WRAP instead of a PROC PRINT because it was too wide for this format). PROC TRANSPOSE creates an observation for each numeric variable within the BY variables SEX and AGE. The numeric variables in the inCOming dataset become separate observations with the name of the variable stored in the ' variable _NA:ME_ proc step, proc transpose, proc means, class variable 2
48 Statistical Presentations Using the Power of PROC TABULATE C. Olivia Parr Rud PROC TABULATE is a versatile tool which can combine the functionality of PROC MEANS and PROC FREQ. Additional power exists in its ability to perform analysis on grouped data. This paper details the steps for constructing a table of marketing statistics using a variety of features. Missing values and formats are used to control the table's calculations. Labeling and selected options provide finishing touches for controlling the table's appearance proc step, proc tabulate, fee income, interest, sample, proc format, sample size, proc freq, label statement, credit card, missing value, proc means 8
49 Storage Strategies for Data, Formats, Catalogs and Other Information in Application Development Using The SAS System Sharon Mosley-Hixon,
Raymond L. Ransom		 When doing cross-platform development using the SAS System, developers have many options for the storage and access of information needed and generated by their applications. Using the many different engines provided and SAS/ACCESS software, developers are not restricted to traditional SAS table and catalog storage. Alternative means of storage can enhance an application by minimizing maintenance required, increasing query speeds for large tables, standardizing storage strategies, effiCiently using RAM, and utilizing the advantages of the Structured Ouery Language (SOL). Developers of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) information system (STDINFO) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) tried storing information in several standard and altemative structures recognizing benefits and short-comings of each approach dataset, label statement 4
50 Stratified Weighting of Sample Data for Descriptive Purposes David L. Alderton The effect of reweighting a sample to a population is that the marginal distribution of the strata (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, and age) will be the same in the sample as in the source population or another sample. The logic for solving this problem is similar to that for selecting a stratified sample.3 Reweighting a sample to look like another sample or population is straightforward and the technique can be used to descriptively compare groups on outcome measures without resorting to methods of statistical control such as partial correlations in regression models, and the advantage is that many outcome variables can be s~multaneously compared. Several weights will be dIscussed and techniques for accomplishing the weighting will be explained sample, proc freq, proc step, regression analysis, response variable 4
51 Summarization of LOGISTIC Regression Results When There Are Many Dependent Variables and a Common Shared Set of Explanatory Variables John T. Jones Side by side comparisons of an univariate and multivariate estimate reveal the significance and robustness of that estimate. Using the SAS LOGISTIC procedure and the stepwise regression technique, macro language, DATA STEP logic, and the REPORT procedure, a program can be written that succinctly summarizes the univariate and multivariate parameter estimateS, permitting side by side comparison, for many dependent variables that share a common set of explanatory variables, in a clear easily interpretable table. This technique can be extended to other regression methods logistic distribution, regression analysis, logistic regression, response variable, odds ratio, estimate 7
52 Survival Strategies and Solutions for the New Millennium - Year 2000 Kirk Paul Lafler,
Sunil Kumar Gupta,
Charles E. Shipp		 As the turn of the century approaches, critical challenges face organizations world-wide. Will mission-critical computer applications be equipped to handle the numerous calculations and comparisons required by businesses to successfully operate? And how can organizations smoothly transition into the next century without impacting current operations and staffing levels? If estimates are accurate, as much as 90 percent of all business applications will be impacted in some way by the coming millennium. A successful strategy is needed to ensure cost-effective, timely, and lasting solutions sysdate9, date variable, proc step 6
53 Tables and Views and Forms: Oh My! Alan C. Wilson,
Marge Scerbo		 New in Release 6.12. the VIEWTABlE window provides a table-like interface for viewing and editing SAS data files. This is a FRAME entry that displays your data set in a Data Table object. Version 6.11 of the SAS System introduced Data Tables and Data Forms as new data entry classes in the SASlA~ FRAME product. Major enhancements in Release 6.12 have made VIEWTABlE a very acceptable altemative to PROC FSVIEW. at least for those users with graphics-capable interfaces. Two viewing modes are easily accessed, Table View, and Form View. Moving between them is easy. and so is customizing the appearance of the columns. Enhancements like the Import Wizard enables you to create SAS tables from dBase, tab delimited or comma-separated files. The table just created by VTIMPORT will display in the VIEWTABlE window for you to continue working on. VTOUERY will display the result of an interactive SOL interface dataset, proc step, where statement, order by 8
54 Ten Great Reasons to Learn SAS Software's SQL Procedure Kirk Paul Lafler The SQL Procedure has so many great features for both end-users and programmers. It's fun, easy to learn and use, and can often result in fewer and shorter lines of code than using conventional DATA and PROC STEP proc sql, proc step, select, where statement, group by, order by, alter table, delete, proc contents 6
55 The Case of the Missing Data Maribeth H. Johnson,
Mark S. Litaker		 The MIXED procedure of the SAS" system enables examination of correlational structures and variability changes between repeated measurements across time. While PROC MIXED has the capacity to handle unbalanced data when the data are missing at random, a question arises as to when the degree of sparseness jeopardizes inference. Simulation is a tool that can be used to try to answer these types of questions. This paper shows how to simulate sets of data where assumptions have been made as to the variance-covariance (Y -C) structure of the repeated measurements. Then observations are systematically deleted in a pattern determined from the data in question. The results of the MIXED analyses on the balanced simulated data sets and those from the analysis of the unbalanced sets can be compared to see ifand when the underlying assumed V-C structure could be determined likelihood function, restricted maximum likelihood, proc mixed, covariance, proc step, proc freq, sample, macro variable 6
56 The Data Review Two-step: Macros for Comparison and Exception Reports - Part A: %COMPARWS: Compare with summary: a macro using proc COMPARE to write a file of differences to edit and use for updates Ronald J. Fehd Data review can be viewed as a two step process: 1. Compare: review differences betWeen two data sets. 2. Exception Report: review data consistency with range and logic checks. This paper reviews the PROC COMPARE output data set and the manipulation of that data set which is necessary to write a report to a file which contains update statements in an easily editable form. Summary information is written at the end of the update file. macro facility, proc compare 8
57 The Future of the Kinaalda Wendy B. Dickinson,
Navaho Rituals,
Native American		 4
58 The Right Approach to Learning PROC TABULATE Bob Virgile proc tabulate, proc step, proc means, format statement, missing value, sample, proc freq 7
59 The SAS/IntrNet Application Dispatcher Donald J. Henderson The Application Dispatcher component of SASlIntrNet Software allows a user to run a specified SAS@ Application program on demand and return the generated Internet Content to a Web Browser. The Application Dispatcher is one of the compute services ofSASlIntrNet software and is composed of the following components: 1. The Application Broker cm The link between the Web Browser and the compute services. Resides on the Web Server and forwards requests for processing to the Application Server(s). 2. The Application Server An SCL program that listens for requests from the Broker and runs the specified SAS Application. 3. SAS Applications SAS programs that perform specified processing. They generate the results (Internet Content) which are sent back to the Web Browser by the Application Server via the Dispatcher. The MDDB Report Viewer is an application that allows users to access and drill down through an MDDB data store macro variable, macro definition, sample 9
60 The Tabulate Procedure: One Step Beyond the Final Chapter Jeffrey M. Abolafia,
Stephen M. Noga		 proc step, proc tabulate, sample, sample size, macro variable, proc format, data step 8
61 The Use of SAS to Construct Horvitz-Thompson Type Estimators for Safety Belt Compliance Holmes Finch In many survey applications, multi-stage sampling is used in an effort to reduce the variance and to obtain parameter estimates for very specific subgroups. The form of the estimators for such sampling schemes are complex and quite often not addressed by standard survey analysis software. One method for calculating these estimators has been derived and yields Horvitz-Thompson type estimates. It uses a recursive process which builds estimators at one stage on those from the stages below, employing a combination of weights and raw estimates from individual sites. These estimators were used to calculate the proportion of vehicle occupants wearing safety belts in South Carolina during the Fall of 1996, using data gathered from a 3 stage sample observational survey. SAS was employed to calculate both the estimate of compliance and the standard error of the estimate sample, proc calis 6
62 The Version 7 Output Delivery System SAS Institute (a company) This paper discusses advances made in the output generated by all SAS Software procedures. New features provided by the Output Delivery System [ODS] include HTML generation, output datasets from any printed output and a persistable output document that can be re-organized and re-played long after the PROC that created it has completed. ODS also produces all legacy line-mode printing. The talk establishes the base line ODS features to be delivered in Version 7, as well as a roadmap to future enhancements. History SAS Output has been criticized for its Green-Bar characteristics. [Green-Bar being a generic term for ''traditional'' computer paper mounted in a chain printer - perforations along the sides, 66 lines deep, 132 characters wide, horizontal green stripes to aid readability ... The stuff legends are made of. ] Until Version 7, SAS procedures that produce printed output (i.e. destined for the SAS Listing File) have had this "page of paper" as their model when generating output output delivery system 10
63 Usage of SYSDATE for Dynamic and Internal Updates during the File Maintenance Run in the Macro-Based Information System Jeff F. Sun The file maintenance for a large macro-based infonnation system is a time-consuming and complex process which generally involves updating a lot of programs for each run. These updates should be logically and systematically organized so that the whole system can be smoothly and timely updated. Since most file maintenance runs are periodic and routine processes, the updates to these programs can be done internally and dynamically by the host system using the system information to achieve efficiency and accuracy. This paper provides a general approach on how to use the automatic macro variable SYSDATE in the internal and dynamic updates, i.e. file names, time periods, or texts, in the macro-based information system during the file maintenance run. The logical design, information retrieval, macro coding, installation, and validation checking will be addressed in detail macro variable, date variable, automatic macro variable, macro facility, dataset, keyword parameter, %macro parameters, macro definition, data cleaning, libname statement 10
64 Using Indexes for Direct Access to SAS Datasets Judy Loren index, proc step, index creation 2
65 Using SASIEIS to Build a Multidimensional Report Ben Cochran The SASIEIS product contains many pre written objects that allow the end user to have a great deal of flexibility in developing app lications rapidly. With Release 6.11 of the SAS System, SASIEIS contained a new object that enhanced its ability to offer on-line reports within applications. This paper takes an in depth look at the Multidimensional Report Object, including some Release 6.12 changes, how to set one up, and how to customize it at run-time dataset, sashelp 3
66 Using the Process Flow Diagram Object to Communicate Information Frank C. DiIorio in=, where statement, proc step 9
67 Using the WHERE Statement Bob Virgile where statement, dataset, proc step, sample 5
68 Ways of Learning: What the Trainer and the Student Need to Know about Learning Styles Judy Loren proc step, pdv 9
69 Where in the World is Bacon Level? Keith J. Brown While SAS/GRAPH's mapping facilities provide a convenient way to marry data to geographical representation at the national, state, or county level, their IDNAME datasets provide locations of very few cities or towns. By using readily available electronic data, you can create a program to map any given county in the United States or any county containing a a locality with a given name, and provide basic information about the county in footnotes. If the data are stored in the appropriate form, you can even use the FTP options on the F.'lLENAME statement to access the data from the remote site, thereby reducing the amount of disk space needed at your own site. Finding the Data The U.S. Census Bureau has a gazetteer of all counties in the United States available on the World-Wide Web at ftp.census.gov/ geo/www/gazetteer/places.html or for anonymous FTP from www.census.gov/pub/tiger/tms/ gazetteer. This file is available in zipped or text format; a codebook is available at the web address proc step, filename statement 6
70 Williams' Test: The Macro Derek B. Janszen,
Chemical Industry		 Williams' test (Williams, 1971; 1972) Is used in pharmacology and toxicology for detarmining the lowest dose group that Is significantly different from the control group. It assumes a strictly increasing or decreasing response with increasing dose and is more powereful (can declare s.l!18fler differences to be significant) than Dunnett's test. In SASlSTA'f'll'version 6.08 (SAS InstiMe Inc., 1996), 'WIUlAMS' was introduced as an option for the probmcO function. Given the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the monotonic responses, probmcO computes the p·vaIues. Frequently, the actual responses are not monotonic. This allicle describes a macro that computes the MLE of the monotonic responses for a set of data (regardless of the actual response pattem) and the correspolllflflg p-values for Williamt test . It requires only the base and SAS/ST AT modules of the sJ4S19 System. The macro is well documented dunnett test, proc step, macro variable 6
71 Word-Wrapping Text Output in SAS Reports S. David Riba How do you get your SAS output that nonnally prints text values in a very long line to wrap in smaller lines at word breaks just like a word processor typically does? The problem with printing long text values in SAS is that either a) your output gets truncated when the next field writes over it at a predefined column or b) you can split the values at a certain line length which may, or may not, be at a break between words This datastep routine parses long text values into smaller output lines based on the output line length that has been defined. Instead of merely splitting the line, it defines the closest gap between words and breaks at that point if-then-else, conditional do loop 2
72 Your Friend the Colon: Some Efficiency Techniques For Comparing Or Selecting Character Data S. David Riba S. David Riba, JADE Tech, Inc., Clearwater, FL colon modifier, substr function 2

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