SESUG 1993 Papers - Index

60 papers. Source: SESUG (SouthEast SAS Users Group) conference proceedings.

go 1994

#	Title ×	Authors ×	Abstract ×	Keywords ×	Pages
1	A Massively Parallel Accelerator for the SAS System at the Census Bureau	Jon Michael Fortier, Douglas Burns	The ability to summarize large volumes of data is limited by traditioM/ computer systems which can take hours of CPU time and days of elapsed time to process multi-gigabyte dalasets. The Census Bureau has begun testing of tJn aiterruztive approach using a mtJSSively parallel computer from MasPar Computer Corporalion which is accessed via a SASIAF@ application called TABLE MAKER. Initial results indicate that CPU and liD-intensive analyses of the census data take a small fraction of the time required by traditioruzl computer systems when performed on the massively parallel computer	sample, proc freq	4
2	A Taste of SQL	Paul Kent	This paper provides an overview of Structured Query Language (SQL), and its implementation in Version 6 of the SAS System. The History of SQL The "Relational Data Model", proposed by Codd (CODD70) represents data in tables. The SAS data set concept blends very nicely with the concept of a table in the relational data model. Both have columns(variables) and rows(observations). SAS data sets are a little more liberal than true relational model tables - they allow duplicate rows, and have an inherent ordering. Nevertheless, there are strong enough parallels between the two to make SQL a useful language for accessing SAS data sets. The terms database table and SAS data set are interChangeable in the context of this paper. SQL is a language for accessing and manipulating data stored in tables. SQL is an acronym for "Structured Query Language" and is pronounced "ess-que-ell" or "sequel". There are many commercial products that support SQL	proc sql	8
3	An Introduction to the SAS Macro Facility	Erika Mares Stone	The SAS macro facility is important for two reasons. First, it can significantly expand your capabilities as a programmer; second, because it is part of base SAS, it is available to you on all platforms. My aim in this tutorial is to give you a sense of how the SAS macro facility works and how it can help you in your programming. You will not get a step-by-step lesson in how to construct macro language statements, use the automatic macro variables, or understand the macro functions. Rather, by a sequence of examples and by the examination of concepts, including the principles by which the macro facility works, I want to show you that you have a potentially valuable tool at your disposal. You will see that you don't have to aspire to be a systems builder or macro guru to justify learning the SAS macro facility. Knowing the potential of the macro facility and learning how to take advantage of it can have far-reaching benefits for your programming, since the macro facility will let you do things you cannot do as easily in any other way. This will be true whether you work in a production or a research environment, and regardless of your area of application.	macro facility, macro definition, dataset, input statement, proc step, sas log, macro loop, macro variable, proc freq, libname statement	8
4	Attrinfo: Macros to Concisely Display AF Catalog Attributes	Frank C. DiIorio	This paper is divided into three sections. The first describes the syntax and execution of the three macros which comprise AT TRINFO. The second presents report examples. The last section discusses limitations of the macros and suggests possible extensions of their capabilities.	catalog entry, dataset	6
5	Auto-Editing: A Data Management Tool for Research	William S. Calvert	We have developed a tool for efficient editing of research data. With our approach, code is generated and executed in real-time fashion using `%INCLUDE` and the SAS* MACRO environment. The system is driven by a user defined, parameter text file which may be created by non-programming personnel. This "auto editing" system can scan multiple SAS files, edit for incorrect data, and collect the errors from mUltiple files to produce specialized output reports for research analysts or data collection personnel. With these reports it is much easier to identify and resolve data errors. The system we present for automatically generating edit programs was originally developed for a major multi-site national study. The application of "auto-editing" to the problems of similar studies are discussed. Suggestions to make life easier for the researcher through good data management practice, are also presented	txt, error message, missing value, data governance, dataset, proc step, proc contents, sample	6
6	Blind Dates & Other Lapses of Reason: Handling Dates in SAS	Alan Dickson		proc print, proc step	7
7	Books By Users For Users	David Baggett	In this paper, SAS Institute's acquisitions editor gives an overview of the Institute's Books by Users program and explains how, as a SAse software user, you can benefit from it. Through the Books by Users program, SAS Institute publishes and makes available to its users books about the SAS System written by SAS users. The Books by Users program was developed as a means of building a library of high-quafity books about the SAS System to complement primary reference and usage documentation developed by the Insti tute. The books offered through the Books by Users program docu ment useful applications and represent some of the best ideas in the SAS user community	sas programming, regression analysis	4
8	Building a Simple Time Tracking System Using Screen Control Language	Orion V. Hanger		proc sql, date variable, proc step, conditional do loop, create table	18
9	Building Data-Driven Object-Oriented Applications: Selected Techniques	SAS Institute (a company), Michael Gilman, Donald J. Henderson, Martha F. Johnson, Merry G. Rabb, David S. Septoff, Norman Shusterman, Gregory A. Smith, Robina G. Thornton, Philip H. Van Dusen, C. Jessica Yuan	This tutorial describes a system's architecture in which an applica tion is bult using reusable modules or ctasses of objects. The appl~ cation can be built, controlled, maintained, and enhanced through changes to the underlying data and parameter files. An application designed in this wtrJ allows for more flexibility and lower mainte nance than one where the code is written to perform specific func tions. Generalized modules or classes of objects, the actions of which are dictated by parameters, lend themselves to the inevitable changes that are made to the system. Many modifications can be accomplished by changing values in parameter files instead of changing the source code. Features of this approach include adding new reports changing or reordering menu items * controlling user access and security	sample, proc step, proc format, macro variable, proc sql, libname statement	8
10	Combined Ratio Estimates Computed with SAS	Joan M. Pausche		proc calis, sample, proc means, proc step, macro variable, confidence interval, output, macro call	6
11	Computing Highway Crash Rates Using PROC SUMMARY	Elizabeth G. Hamilton	This paper describes the technique of linking accidents to the roadway and using `PROC SUMMARY` to compute the variables needed in the crash rate formula. Crash rate is the statistic most often used to compare roadways. The effectiveness of various countermeasures or roadway improvements is measured as a change in the crash rate. This is a better measure than the raw count of crashes because it incorporates the amount of roadway and the amount of traffic at the site. This method can be easily adapted to computing rates within specific roadway types, such as: comparing various lane widths, comparing two lane to multi-lane, comparing major traffic arteries to local feeder routes, etc. These data files are part of a system called HSIS (Highway Safety Information System) which was developed by the Highway Safety Research Center under contract from the Federal Highway Administration (FHW A). HSIS is the primary database used by FHW A for its roadway-related safety analysis	proc step, proc means, proc format, dataset	5
12	Creating SAS Transport Data Files for Use on JMP Software	Alfred Montalvo Jr.	The current paper provided a set of procedures that ,. were employed to create SAS transport data files for use ,. by JMP software. The SAS transport files were created within an MS-DOS" environment, and shipped via diskette to an Apple" Macintosh" Classic PC. The SASV5XPT engine specification in the library name statement and `PROC COPY` were used in order to create the files that were exported to the Macintosh	proc copy, dataset, proc step	3
13	CREATION OF CUSTOMIZED SASjGRAPH DRIVERs FOR POSTSCRIPT PRINTERS	Paul L. Marsh		proc step, footnote statement	4
14	Cross-Architectual Comparison of Processor Speed Using the SAS System	Orion V. Hanger		cpu time, proc step, macro variable	4
15	Dealing with Memory Constraints under SAS 6.04 for DOS and moving to 6.06 under OS/2	Philip Hamm, Robert A. Butler	This paper will discuss some of the memory problems with SAS version 6.04 under DOS and how they can be overcome. The focus will be on a large scale AF and FSP based application. The discussion will then tum to the task of moving the application to an OS/2 platform running SAS version 6.06. The inherent advantages of the OS/2 operating system and release 6.06 will be discussed. The DOS application. The DOS operating system was first developed over ten years ago for an eight bit processor and a maximum of 640K memory. Over the years the operating system has become more and more sophisticated incorporating 16 bit technology, but the 640K limit can not change due to the way DOS applications access RAM. Now there are three basic types of memory that can be utilized in DOS for running SAS 6.04 efficiently. Figure 1 illustrates the three types of memory on a 286, 386, or 486 PC running DOS	proc step, macro definition	6
16	Developing an In-House SAS Training Program for an Academic Environment	Barbara B. Okerson	Over a period of three years Memphis State University has developed a SAS training program at the university that addresses the needs of the novice computer user as well as experienced SAS users with specific problems and interests. Current training indudes introductory sessions for SAS language and for the available modules, and topiC specific sessions for academic departments such as Geography, English, Math, and Finance. All training materials are developed in-house by the Statistical Services staff of Academic Computer Services	proc step, regression analysis, time series analysis, macro variable, macro definition, logistic distribution, sample	5
17	Developing an Interactive Method of Displaying Pavement Management Information Using SAS/AF and PROC GMAP	Bruce Dietrich	Highway engineers must analyze large volumes of roadway data as part of the process of maintaining our highway system. An interactive Pavement Man agement Reporting System has been de veloped at the Florida Department of Transportation using `SAS/AF` and `PROC GMAP` to facilitate this process. Tech niques were developed to dynamically access and process the data and to display the information as color coded geographic roadway maps. The system uses GMAP features such as unit areas, response data sets, annotations, leg ends and titles to generate the cus tomized maps based on user selections. The application uses numerous `SAS/AF` program entries to allow user selected branching and to facilitate modular program development and modification. Pushbutton fields and pop up selection lists are used to create graphical user interfaces so the system can easily be used by non-programmers	proc step, feature selection, macro variable, proc greplay	7
18	GETTING STARTED WITH EIS USING SAS/AF SOFfWARE	Nancy D. Leslie		batch job, data wrangling	4
19	How to "RETAIN" Your Sanity: Some Annotated Examples	Ronald P. Cody, Ray Pass		retain, lag function	6
20	How to Build an Executive Information System (EIS)	Alberto Cordoba		data integrity, data governance	4
21	Integrating User Support into SAS Applications	MicheBe Fruchtenicbt, Eric C. Brinsfield		macro variable, dataset	7
22	Introduction to SASIGIS Software	Jack Bulkley	`SAS/GIS`'· Software is a new part of the SAS System to be available as a Version 6.09 add-on. As more and more data becomes available to enterprises, new tools are needed to make sense of this massive amount of information. `SAS/GIS` Software is a tool for handling spatially related data. The data importing, querying, analysis, and display will be covered as well as the strong connection to the rest of the SAS System		5
23	It Frequently Makes Sense to Use Weights	Christopher Toppe		sample, proc step, sample weight	6
24	Keep It Simple: Applied SAS/AF Menu Techniques	Vicentee Ferguson	By using SAS Application Facility (SAS/ AF) and Screen Control Language (SCL), program developers can make user-friendly and user-proofmenuing systems. This paper will demonstrate some basic screen design and SCL tech niques, with an emphasis on creating block menu applications. A brief discussion of the need for menu systems which are easy for users to understand and operate will be followed by more detailed documentation of how to use SAS!AF and SCL to create attractive, efficient, and developmentally simple menu applications. This discus sion will include an overview of parameter passing and substitution techniques that can make SCL code efficient and flexible	if-then-else, select, proc step	5
25	Macro Quoting Resolved	John R. Gerlach	The purpose of macro quoting is to ensure that there is no ambiguity in the SASR Macro Language. Ironically, unless you understand macro quoting, your code is likely to be ambiguous and prone to errors. Macro quoting is not well understood, even by experienced macro programmers. To understand macro quoting, you must recognize ambiguous situations that can occur between the macro processor (the text generator) and the macro language (the means of communication). Consider the following example. `%LET` pmtit == PROe PRINT; RUN; ; The above `%LET` statement is ambiguous because of the semicolons. As written, the first semicolon (after the token PRIN'I) will terminate the `%LET` statement, causing extraneous tokens (RUN;;) in your code. The macro processor needs to know that certain tokens are only text, not symbols for the macro language. Thus, you must use a quoting function, as fonows	macro facility, macro variable, macro definition, macro call, macro put, macro quoting function, %if-%then-%else	4
26	Manipulating Large Highway and Crash Datasets	Elizabeth G. Hamilton, Carolyn D. Williams	Large data file manipulation using PC SAS under DOS can appear 10 be impossible. However, using various tech niques, many large file manipulations can be successful Some of the techniques to be discussed include restricting size of variables with explicit length, limiting variables for a particular analysis with KEEP or DROP, pre-processing with `PROC SUMMARY` before `PROC FREQ` or `PROC` TABULAlE, using STOP effectively while testing, using `PROC DATASETS` to delete intermediate work datasets, using BY option effectively, using `PROC SORT` only when necessary, and knowing when to use a tag sort. This paper will detail these techniques and their advantages and how the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center uses them in processing accident, vehicle, roadway sections and curve data	proc step, numeric variable, proc sort, sample, dataset, sample size, proc contents, proc freq	6
27	New Drug Application Table Writing Strategies and Notes	Andy Barnett, Hong Li, Binita Modi, Alfred Montalvo Jr.		txt, dataset, numeric variable, group by, proc step	6
28	New SAS Modules for Practical Power Analysis	Dan Bowling, Ralph G. O'Brien		sample, sample size, standard deviation, correlation, power analysis	9
29	Once upon at time there was a menu ...	John P. Elrod, Johns Hopkins		dataset, proc step	7
30	Outliers and Redundant Variables in Principal Component and Factor Analysis	G. Mora-Aguilera, R. Kiltiei, D. Nleto-Angel, D. Teliz	Nine variablea were measured to characterize each of 60 epidemics of papaya ringspot on papaya (Carica papaya) plantations in Veraeruz, Mexico. Thill matrix of data was explored with principal component and ~ analysis based on 1ho correlation matrix. 0utIienI were detected and evaluated as int1uential observations. Variablea were screened to seb:t those that contribute more to tho overall variance. `PROC FACTOR` and `PROC PRINCOMP` of `SAS/STAT` were used and compared for these analysis. Outliers were identified by using standardization of the original matrix, and standsrdizatinn of unrotated and rotated principal components scores. Varimax with `PROC FACTOR` of SASISTAT was used for tho later case. Plot of1ho data with respect to tho first major principal components were also used to graphically detect outliers. Outliers were evaluated as infiuential observations by recomputing principal components scores with the outliers excluded	proc princomp, outlier, correlation, varimax rotation, proc step, proc factor, influential observation	10
31	PROC REPORT: An Introduction to the Batch Language	Ray Pass		proc report, proc step, sample, proc print, class variable	10
32	Programming for PROC TABULATE	Daniel Morris	This paper describes the preparation of data and the con.ftruation of SAS- data sets for use with Prot: T.bu7ate. Two SAS proctdures are discuned: `PROC FREQ` and Prot: Sutmary~ and their use in preparing data. `DATA STEP` techniques are outlined and u.mples of tables created using these technfquas are presented. PercenUge tabJes are discussed and SOfIe tips on denominator specifications are given	proc step, proc tabulate, proc freq, proc print, proc univariate	4
33	Programs That Write Programs: How to Flatten SAS Data Sets and Other Solutions to Everyday Problems	John Iwaniszek, Denise Svendsgaard Williamson	Some data transfer tasks require that data sets be in a/lat format (e.g. ASCII, EBCDIC). Prodacing/latfilesfrom SAS data sets necessitates writing a program that formats the data according to the contents of the parent data set. l{the data set is to be reconstituted into a SAS data set qfter the transfer, then a program must be written to read theflat file. Two applications are discussed which address this problem. One is a program which uses the output data set from `PROC CONTENTS` to write two programs: one to create a text file based on the original SAS data set and the other to recreate the SAS data set with formats and labels intact. The second application to be discussed is a one which creates a SAS file layout based on a mainframe data base file layout. Prodacing SAS data setsfromflatfiles usually requires that one manually translates afile layout into input statements to be read by SAS	proc contents, input statement, proc step, dataset, numeric variable, txt	5
34	Repeated Measures Using PROC MIXED Instead of PROC GLM	James H. Roger, Michael Kenward	The new `PROCEDURE MIXED` in Release 6.07 of the SAS System fits mixed general linear models. These are linear models which include both fixed effects and random effects. This paper reviews the use of mixed models for repeated-measures data, where an observation is taken repeatedly, through time or space, on the same subject. Several standard tools for analyzing repeated-measures data are available in the SAS `PROCEDURE GLM`. These can be implemented quite simply in the SAS `PROCEDURE MIXED`. However, the random-effects models available in the `MIXED` procedure extend the type of situations which can be handled; the inclusion of subjects who are only observed at a subset of the periods (missing data), the inclusion of covariates in the model which vary across the repeated observations on a single subject, and observations which are measured at continuous rather than discrete time points. An example application of random-coefficient regression models is given	proc mixed, proc genmod, proc glm, regression analysis, random intercept, covariance, fixed effects, likelihood function, degrees of freedom, correlation, restricted maximum likelihood, estimate, proc step, p-value, repeated measures, main effect, f-test, random slope, proc calis, response variable, missing value	10
35	SAS Institute's Training Options for the SAS System for Information Delivery: Overcoming the Final Barrier	Bob Brumbeloe, Marti Dominick, Bonnie Allen			3
36	SAS/ACCESS Techniques for Large DB2 Databases	Craig James Gavin	The `SAS/ACCESS` interface software to Relational Database Management Systems provides the data storage integrity of a RDBMS and the flexibility of the SAS system's data manipulation and reporting attributes. When working with large databases performance is a key factor. Some extensive queries could compromise the usefulness of the SAS system. When coding with `SAS/ACCESS` uSing a RDBMS such as DB2, the applications programmer must look beyond the basic techniques for inserting, updating and extracting data from tables. This paper will present ways to overcome complex problems that users of `SAS/ACCESS` interface software may encounter. It also will address recent `SAS/ACCESS` software tools available through SAS Release 6.07	proc step, dataset, where statement, proc sql, sample, proc append, macro variable	7
37	SAS/FSP and SCL: Using Screens Within Screens to Capture Repeating Data Elements	Denise Svendsgaard Williamson, John Iwaniszek	Some data entry plans require the entry 0/ data elements which are repeating (e.g., work history on employment applications). An alternative solution to setting up a finite number o/fields on a data entry screen(s)jor one main data set is to create a sub data set tlult will contain only the repeating (e.g., work history) information and to access this sub data set screen from the main data set screen. When you access this sub screen, you can pass variablesfrom the main data set so tlult you have a way 0/ linking each observation in the sub data set to an observation in the main data set. This process can be accomplished by using SAS Screen Control Language (SCL) in SASIFSP in the main data set screen(s) to call the sub data set screen(s). Iptrgdll'tjgn Some data entry projects require the use of repeating fields (work histOries on employment applications, for example) along with non-repeating fields (such as name, social security number, and position number applied for)	if-then-else, macro variable	3
38	Secrets of a Successful SAS Users Group	Sally A. Roberson			4
39	Software Process Improvement at SAS Institute	Kay C. Bydalek, Sue McGrath		quality assurance	4
40	Some Thoughts on Making DSGI User-Friendly	Jim Comer		crf, put statement	9
41	Space Saving Tools: Compression in SAS 6.07	Philip Bardsley	It seems inevitable that no matter how much disk space we start with for our work, we always need more. With disk space at a premium, we need to take advantage of ways to store more data in less room. This paper investigates the pros and cons of space-saving tools that are available on three different computing platforms: an IBM mainframe running MVS, an IBM RiSe Systeml6000 workstation running AIX, and a microcomputer running DOS. The SAS tools investigated are the compress option, which is available in release 6.07 running on MVS and AIX, and the SAS length command, which is available on all platforms. The tools investigated outside SAS are the UNIX compress command and the shareware program PKZIP for DOS machines. The data characteristics investigated are observation length, variable type (character/numeric), and data content (floating point real/integer/missing)	length statement, cpu time, missing value, raw data, dataset, numeric variable, proc step	9
42	Statistical Analysis of Cardiac Electric Vectors Using SAS	C. Doiron, G. W. Morrison, D. G. BaIl, R. D. Graves		data science, scatter plot	5
43	Supporting SAS in an Academic Environment	Nancy Hill		sas consultant, sas library	5
44	The Art of Testing	J. Meimei		production run, proc step, options statement, proc print	8
45	The One-Eyed Guide to INTERNET, E-MAIL, LlSTSERV, SAS-L, and EMITS	Michael L. Davis	One of computing's ironies is that sophisticated users are often "modem illiterate." The modem illiterates never enjoy trading SAse tips and "flames" outside of conferences. The ability to exchange ready-to-run SAS code and messages instantly but courteously is denied to them. They can seek technical assistance only when someone is available to speak to them. In an effort to stamp out this heinous form of illiteracy, the One-Eyed Guide is offered		12
46	The Role of the SAS Software Consultant	William G. LeBlanc		sample, note	8
47	The SAS User Group Newsletter - Start the Presses!	Andrew T. Kuligowski			9
48	The Utter Simplicity of the TABULATE Procedure	Daniel E. Bruns		proc step, proc freq, proc tabulate	7
49	Three Ways You Can Get Special Data Into the SAS Data Step	William S. Calvert	Three techniques are presented for moving special data into the `DATA STEP`. In the first example, a binary database file of obscure origin is read to recapture and salvage the data. In the second case, a 'table look-up' is implemented to assign individual mortality probabilities from a rate table. Finally a mechanism is shown for passing global parameters to production code modules which have been 'compiled' using the SAS stored program facility. All three techniques are explained and presented in the context of the 'real world' programs and systems in which they are used. While the examples used come from the PC SAS (Version 6.04) environment, the concepts should be applicable to other SAS platforms	set statement, file statement	4
50	Traffic Safety Analysis Using SAS	A. Reza Saremi, Charles C. Liu	This paper documents an example application of SAS where various highway database files are merged in order to analyze a specific traffic safety problem. The data base files are obtained from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) developed by the Federal Highway Administration. Hsrs is a roadway-based database system which provides quality data on a large number of accident variables. roadway locations, and traffic volumes for problem analyses. Data files in HSIS are collected from five states and maintained in SAS format. An application of HSrS in investigating side-swipe accidents is reported. Specifically, the objective is to identify if there are any age differences in the frequency of side-swipe accidents involving vehicles travelling in the same direction on non intersections of highways. The study procedures are presented along with the SAS programs used in the analysis	format statement, put statement	6
51	User-friendly Testing Analysis with SAS Software Products	Mark L. Schneider	The Quality Assurance (QA) department at SAS Institute Inc. is responsible for testing the numerous features of the SAS System on a variety of hardware platforms. Much of the testing is conducted in an automated fashion, thus producing reams of output that must be scrutinized by QA analysts to weed out unexpected, inconsistent, or incorrect behavior. In response to this challenge, the QA tooling group has developed a centralized analytical system by which bugs can be quickly identified. The goal of the system is to reduce the time spent on problem identification, in effect maximizing time available for interactive testing and new testware development. The system was developed using SAS software products for two reasons: the ease with which user-friendly applications can be developed, and the opportunity for evaluating SAS software products in a real-world application	audit trail, proc step, trend analysis, where statement, proc freq, sas base, libname statement, regression analysis	6
52	Using Custom Pull-Down Menus with SCL Selection Lists	Paul Dalberth		character variable, catalog entry	3
53	Using Episodic Analysis to Evaluate the Cost and Quality of Health Care	Dorothea E. Otte	In recent years, health insurance companies have examined claims records in an attempt to identify treatment patterns and control the rising costs of medical care. This paper describes one method used to analyze claims data to understand the relationship between the cost for medical services and the quality of care. The system executes in base SAS software Version 6.07 in an MVS environment and uses several SAS statistical procedures to analyze costs by provider and facility type. The system is currently being used by the Episode of Care Project at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida	insurer, proc step	4
54	Using SAS Statistical Procedures in Medical Research	Joe Cholewczynski	This paper is a guide on when to use a statistical procedure with examples from medical research. Emphasis has been placed on the appropriate SAS procedure and options rather than statistical inference of the examples. If the reader is interested in lea rning more about statistical in ference with regard to a speci fic procedure, I recommend that the reader look at the refere nces listed in the `SAS/STAT` Gu ide for Personal Computers or the SAS Procedures Guide for the procedure in question. It is also recommended to have a good intermediate statistics text book handy as part of your ref erence library	proc step, proc glm, proc ttest, proc univariate, proc reg, proc genmod, proc npar1way, proc freq, proc means, anova, regression analysis	6
55	Using SAS to Analyze Health Status in Insurance Claims	Richard N. Lieberman	Health care utilization and expenditure data extracted from insurance claims are increasingly being used to monitor the health care delivery system. Efforts to contain the incessant growth in health care expenditures and to enhance efficiency have taken many forms, including attempts at various forms of managed care, the development of utilization controls and implementation of provider profiling. These trends have led to an increase in the desire to monitor the utilization experience of various patient or provider groups to identify inappropriate utilization of services or inefficient providers. In tum, this has led to a demand for relevant case-mix measures that can account for differences in health status between populations of patients. A good case-mix measurement tool can help to identify over- or under-utilization in populations that have the same health care needs	insurer, insurance claims, proc step, proc sort, likelihood function, macro definition, regression analysis, %if-%then-%else	10
56	Using SAS to Analyze Survey Results	Stacey G. Brlcka	Surveys are a popular method of collecting perceptions, attitudes, and opinions on a variety of topics. The analysis of survey results can be accomplished through the use of SAS. The main techniques for producing descriptive statistics are through the use of frequencies and means. These procedures can be performed on the entire sample, or on subsets if desired. Tests for statistical significance can be performed on the data, as can more detailed statistical analyses, such as factor analysis. Using SAS jGraph, the results of such analyses can be readily displayed. The intent of this paper Is to present the basics of survey analysis using SAS. Sample programs, where appropriate, will be presented using PC-SAS programming code. Specifically, data entry, validation, analysis, and presentation will be discussed, in order to assist beginning users of SAS discover the benefits of this type of application. This	proc step, proc freq, dataset, sample, bar chart	4
57	Using SAS/GRAPH to Map Geographic Data	Jay Jacob Wind		proc step, proc gmap, output delivery system	5
58	Using SASIETS Software for Analysis of Pharmacokinetic Data	Gary S. Klonicki	The Econometrics and Time Series module of SASlETS software contains a procedure that can be used to perform analysis on phannaCOkinetic data. The `MODEL` procedure allows you to perform compartmental and noncompartmental analysis on the data. This paper shows how to use `PROC MODEL` to perform pharmacokinetic analysis	sample, proc step	8
59	Using the SAS System for Remote Data Access and Distributed Computing	John McIntyre			4
60	VRANGE: Deriving A Minimal FORMAT from a Numeric Variable's Range of Values	Andy Barnett, CUnical Trials Support		sample, out=	5

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